---
title: 2 Samuel 1:18 (JPS 1917) — and said — To teach the sons of Judah the bow. · tree and pragmatics
description: and said — To teach the sons of Judah the bow. 2 Samuel 1:18 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# 2 Samuel 1:18 · JPS 1917, sentence 1 of 2

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and said — To teach the sons of Judah the bow.

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**What happens:** say, teach · **To what, where:** bow, sons · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is 2 Samuel 1:18 · JPS 1917, sentence 1 of 2 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:2SA:20
# text = and said — To teach the sons of Judah the bow.
1	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	2	cc	_	_
2	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	5	punct	_	_
4	To	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	teach	teach	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	sons	son	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	iobj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Judah	Judah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	bow	bow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: narrate
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V how S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **teach** *speech: other* | to-infinitive |  | the bow | the sons of Judah |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent son=Recipient bow=Topic |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וַיֹּ֕אמֶר לְלַמֵּ֥ד בְּנֵֽי־יְהוּדָ֖ה קָ֑שֶׁת הִנֵּ֥ה כְתוּבָ֖ה עַל־סֵ֥פֶר הַיָּשָֽׁר׃

[2 Samuel 1:18: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.1.18/)

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This verse in JPS 1917:

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1. **and said — To teach the sons of Judah the bow.**
2. [Behold, it is written in the book of Jashar:](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.21/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:2SA:20` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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