---
title: 2 Samuel 1:19 (JPS 1917) — How are the mighty fallen! · tree and pragmatics
description: How are the mighty fallen! 2 Samuel 1:19 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# 2 Samuel 1:19 · JPS 1917, sentence 2 of 2

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How are the mighty fallen!

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**What happens:** fall · **To what, where:** mighty

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This is 2 Samuel 1:19 · JPS 1917, sentence 2 of 2 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:2SA:23
# text = How are the mighty fallen!
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	5	advmod	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	mighty	mighty	NOUN	NN	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	fallen	fall	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: exclamation
- act: express
- voice: narrator
- polarity: pos
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fall** | present · passive |  | the mighty |  |  |  |  | vn become-109.1-1 «NP V ADJ»: subject=Result |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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הַצְּבִי֙ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל עַל־בָּמוֹתֶ֖יךָ חָלָ֑ל אֵ֖יךְ נָפְל֥וּ גִבּוֹרִֽים׃

[2 Samuel 1:19: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.1.19/)

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This verse in JPS 1917:

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1. [Thy beauty, O Israel, upon thy high places is slain!](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.22/)
2. **How are the mighty fallen!**

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:2SA:23` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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