---
title: 2 Samuel 11:25 (JPS 1917) — Then David said unto the messenger: 'Thus shalt thou say unto Joab:… · tree and pragmatics
description: Then David said unto the messenger: 'Thus shalt thou say unto Joab: Let not this thing displease thee, for the sword devoureth in one manner or another; make thy battle more strong against the city, and overthrow it; and encourage thou him.' Who acts: David, thou, thing, sword. 2 Samuel 11:25 in JPS
---

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# 2 Samuel 11:25 · JPS 1917

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Then David said unto the messenger: 'Thus shalt thou say unto Joab: Let not this thing displease thee, for the sword devoureth in one manner or another; make thy battle more strong against the city, and overthrow it; and encourage thou him.'

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**Who acts:** David, thou, thing, sword, thy · **What happens:** say, not let, displease, devour, make, overthrow · **To what, where:** thing, thee, one manner, battle, David · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is 2 Samuel 11:25 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (David, thou, thing, sword), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:2SA:294
# text = Then David said unto the messenger: 'Thus shalt thou say unto Joab: Let not this thing displease thee, for the sword devoureth in one manner or another; make thy battle more strong against the city, and overthrow it; and encourage thou him.'
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	3	advmod	_	_
2	David	David	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	messenger	messenger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
8	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	_
9	Thus	thus	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
10	shalt	shall	AUX	MD	Style=Arch|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
11	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	12	nsubj	_	_
12	say	say	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	ccomp	_	_
13	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	Joab	Joab	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
15	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	16	punct	_	_
16	Let	let	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	12	parataxis	_	_
17	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	16	advmod	_	_
18	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	19	det	_	_
19	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
20	displease	displease	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	xcomp	_	_
21	thee	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	20	obj	_	_
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
23	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	26	mark	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	sword	sword	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	nsubj	_	_
26	devoureth	devour	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	advcl	_	_
27	in	in	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
28	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	29	nummod	_	_
29	manner	manner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obl	_	_
30	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	31	cc	_	_
31	another	another	PRON	DT	PronType=Ind	29	conj	_	_
32	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	33	punct	_	_
33	make	make	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	16	conj	_	_
34	thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	35	nmod:poss	_	_
35	battle	battle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	obj	_	_
36	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	37	advmod	_	_
37	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	xcomp	_	_
38	against	against	ADP	IN	_	40	case	_	_
39	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	40	det	_	_
40	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	obl	_	_
41	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	43	punct	_	_
42	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	43	cc	_	_
43	overthrow	overthrow	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	33	conj	_	_
44	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	43	obj	_	_
45	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	47	punct	_	_
46	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	47	cc	_	_
47	encourage	encourage	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	33	conj	_	_
48	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	47	nsubj	_	_
49	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	47	obj	_	_
50	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
51	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: suggest
- voice: character
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | David |  |  |  | then | unto the messenger | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | shall | thou |  |  |  |  | unto Joab; thus *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **not** **let** | infinitive |  | this thing |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **displease** | infinitive | this thing *not said here* | thee |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus thou=Experiencer |
| 5 | **devour** | present | the sword |  |  | one manner |  |  | vn devour-39.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **make** | infinitive |  | thy battle |  |  |  | strong *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset battle=Product |
| 7 | **overthrow** | infinitive |  | battle |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 8 | **encourage** | infinitive | thou | David |  |  |  |  | vn accept-77.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Theme |
| 9 | **battle** |  | thy |  |  |  |  |  | nom battle «act transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וַיֹּ֨אמֶר דָּוִ֜ד אֶל־הַמַּלְאָ֗ךְ כֹּֽה־תֹאמַ֤ר אֶל־יוֹאָב֙ אַל־יֵרַ֤ע בְּעֵינֶ֙יךָ֙ אֶת־הַדָּבָ֣ר הַזֶּ֔ה כִּֽי־כָזֹ֥ה וְכָזֶ֖ה תֹּאכַ֣ל הֶחָ֑רֶב הַחֲזֵ֨ק מִלְחַמְתְּךָ֧ אֶל־הָעִ֛יר וְהָרְסָ֖הּ וְחַזְּקֵֽהוּ׃

[2 Samuel 11:25: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.11.25/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:2SA:294` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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