---
title: 2 Samuel 12:27 (JPS 1917) — And Joab sent messengers to David, and said: 'I have fought against… · tree and pragmatics
description: And Joab sent messengers to David, and said: 'I have fought against Rabbah, yea, I have taken the city of waters. Who acts: Joab, I. 2 Samuel 12:27 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# 2 Samuel 12:27 · JPS 1917

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And Joab sent messengers to David, and said: 'I have fought against Rabbah, yea, I have taken the city of waters.

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**Who acts:** Joab, I · **What happens:** send, say, fight, take · **To what, where:** messengers, David, city · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is 2 Samuel 12:27 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Joab, I), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:2SA:331
# text = And Joab sent messengers to David, and said: 'I have fought against Rabbah, yea, I have taken the city of waters.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	Joab	Joab	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sent	send	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	messengers	messenger	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	David	David	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
11	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	_
12	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
13	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
14	fought	fight	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	9	ccomp	_	_
15	against	against	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	Rabbah	Rabbah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
18	yea	yea	INTJ	UH	_	22	discourse	_	_
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
20	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	22	nsubj	_	_
21	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	22	aux	_	_
22	taken	take	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	14	conj	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	_
25	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	waters	water	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	nmod	_	_
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: character
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **send** | past | Joab | messengers | David |  |  |  | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent messenger=Theme to david=Destination |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Joab *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **fight** | present · perfect | I |  |  |  |  | against Rabbah | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **take** | present · perfect | I | the city of waters |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent city=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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וַיִּשְׁלַ֥ח יוֹאָ֛ב מַלְאָכִ֖ים אֶל־דָּוִ֑ד וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ נִלְחַ֣מְתִּי בְרַבָּ֔ה גַּם־לָכַ֖דְתִּי אֶת־עִ֥יר הַמָּֽיִם׃

[2 Samuel 12:27: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.12.27/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:2SA:331` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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