---
title: 2 Samuel 18:17 (JPS 1917) — And they took Absalom, and cast him into the great pit in the forest… · tree and pragmatics
description: And they took Absalom, and cast him into the great pit in the forest, and raised over him a very great heap of stones; and all Israel fled every one to his tent. — Who acts: people, Israel. 2 Samuel 18:17 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# 2 Samuel 18:17 · JPS 1917

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And they took Absalom, and cast him into the great pit in the forest, and raised over him a very great heap of stones; and all Israel fled every one to his tent. —

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**Who acts:** people, Israel · **What happens:** take, cast, raise, flee · **To what, where:** Absalom, great pit, great heap, one, tent

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This is 2 Samuel 18:17 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (people, Israel), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:2SA:529
# text = And they took Absalom, and cast him into the great pit in the forest, and raised over him a very great heap of stones; and all Israel fled every one to his tent. —
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	Absalom	Absalom	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	cast	cast	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
8	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	into	into	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	pit	pit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	forest	forest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	_
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	raised	raise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
19	over	over	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	obl	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
22	very	very	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
23	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
24	heap	heap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	_
25	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	nmod	_	_
27	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	31	punct	_	_
28	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	31	cc	_	_
29	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	30	det:predet	_	_
30	Israel	Israel	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	31	nsubj	_	_
31	fled	flee	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
32	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	33	det	_	_
33	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	obl:unmarked	_	_
34	to	to	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
35	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	36	nmod:poss	_	_
36	tent	tent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	obl	_	_
37	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
38	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	31	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past | people |  | Absalom |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP ADVP»: agent=Instrument absalom=Destination |
| 2 | **cast** | past | people *not said here* | Absalom |  | the great pit in the forest |  |  | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP.material PP.product»: agent=Agent he=Material into pit=Product |
| 3 | **raise** | past | people *not said here* | a great heap of stones |  |  |  | over Absalom | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent heap=Theme over he=Destination |
| 4 | **flee** | past | all Israel | every one |  | Israel's tent |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to tent=Initial\_Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וַיִּקְח֣וּ אֶת־אַבְשָׁל֗וֹם וַיַּשְׁלִ֨יכוּ אֹת֤וֹ בַיַּ֙עַר֙ אֶל־הַפַּ֣חַת הַגָּד֔וֹל וַיַּצִּ֧בוּ עָלָ֛יו גַּל־אֲבָנִ֖ים גָּד֣וֹל מְאֹ֑ד וְכָל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל נָ֖סוּ אִ֥ישׁ לְאֹהָלָֽיו׃ס

[2 Samuel 18:17: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.18.17/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:2SA:529` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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