---
title: 2 Samuel 18:25 (JPS 1917) — And the king said: 'If he be alone, there is tidings in his mouth.'… · tree and pragmatics
description: And the king said: 'If he be alone, there is tidings in his mouth.' And he came apace, and drew near. Who acts: king, tidings. 2 Samuel 18:25 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# 2 Samuel 18:25 · JPS 1917, sentence 2 of 2

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And the king said: 'If he be alone, there is tidings in his mouth.' And he came apace, and drew near.

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**Who acts:** king, tidings · **What happens:** say, be, come, draw · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is 2 Samuel 18:25 · JPS 1917, sentence 2 of 2 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (king, tidings), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:2SA:538
# text = And the king said: 'If he be alone, there is tidings in his mouth.' And he came apace, and drew near.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
6	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	_
7	If	if	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
8	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
9	be	be	AUX	VB	Mood=Sub|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	alone	alone	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	advcl	_	_
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
12	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	13	expl	_	_
13	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	ccomp	_	_
14	tidings	tiding	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	17	nmod:poss	_	_
17	mouth	mouth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	_
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
19	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
20	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
21	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	22	nsubj	_	_
22	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
23	apace	apace	ADV	RB	_	22	advmod	_	_
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
26	drew	draw	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	conj	_	_
27	near	near	ADV	RB	_	26	advmod	_	_
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed voice=narrator

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the king |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **is** *a condition, not said to happen* | infinitive | king |  |  |  |  | alone *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **does** | present | tidings in king's mouth |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **come** | past | king |  |  |  |  | apace *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **draw** | past | king *not said here* |  |  |  |  | near *property* | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וַיִּקְרָ֤א הַצֹּפֶה֙ וַיַּגֵּ֣ד לַמֶּ֔לֶךְ וַיֹּ֣אמֶר הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ אִם־לְבַדּ֖וֹ בְּשׂוֹרָ֣ה בְּפִ֑יו וַיֵּ֥לֶךְ הָל֖וֹךְ וְקָרֵֽב׃

[2 Samuel 18:25: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.18.25/)

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This verse in JPS 1917:

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1. [And the watchman cried, and told the king.](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.537/)
2. **And the king said: 'If he be alone, there is tidings in his mouth.' And he came apace, and drew near.**

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:2SA:538` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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