--- title: 2 Samuel 18:31 (JPS 1917) — And, behold, the Cushite came; and the Cushite said: 'Tidings for my… · tree and pragmatics description: And, behold, the Cushite came; and the Cushite said: 'Tidings for my lord the king; for the LORD hath avenged thee this day of all them that rose up against thee.' Who acts: Cushite, LORD. 2 Samuel 18:31 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.544/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [2 Samuel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/) / [chapter 18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/18/) / [18:31](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.18.31/) / JPS 1 # 2 Samuel 18:31 · JPS 1917 And, behold, the Cushite came; and the Cushite said: 'Tidings for my lord the king; for the LORD hath avenged thee this day of all them that rose up against thee.' **Who acts:** Cushite, LORD · **What happens:** come, say, avenge, rise up · **To what, where:** thee · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is 2 Samuel 18:31 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Cushite, LORD), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = jps:2SA:544 # text = And, behold, the Cushite came; and the Cushite said: 'Tidings for my lord the king; for the LORD hath avenged thee this day of all them that rose up against thee.' 1 And and CCONJ CC _ 7 cc _ _ 2 , , PUNCT , _ 3 punct _ _ 3 behold behold INTJ UH _ 7 discourse _ _ 4 , , PUNCT , _ 3 punct _ _ 5 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 6 det _ _ 6 Cushite Cushite PROPN NNP Number=Sing 7 nsubj _ _ 7 came come VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 8 ; ; PUNCT : _ 12 punct _ _ 9 and and CCONJ CC _ 12 cc _ _ 10 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 11 det _ _ 11 Cushite Cushite PROPN NNP Number=Sing 12 nsubj _ _ 12 said say VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 7 conj _ _ 13 : : PUNCT : _ 15 punct _ _ 14 ' ' PUNCT `` _ 15 punct _ _ 15 Tidings tiding NOUN NNS Number=Plur 12 ccomp _ _ 16 for for ADP IN _ 18 case _ _ 17 my my PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 18 nmod:poss _ _ 18 lord lord NOUN NN Number=Sing 15 nmod _ _ 19 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 20 det _ _ 20 king king NOUN NN Number=Sing 18 appos _ _ 21 ; ; PUNCT : _ 26 punct _ _ 22 for for SCONJ IN _ 26 mark _ _ 23 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 24 det _ _ 24 LORD LORD PROPN NNP Number=Sing 26 nsubj _ _ 25 hath have AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 26 aux _ _ 26 avenged avenge VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 12 advcl _ _ 27 thee thou PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch 26 obj _ _ 28 this this DET DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 29 det _ _ 29 day day NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 obl:unmarked _ _ 30 of of ADP IN _ 32 case _ _ 31 all all DET PDT PronType=Tot 32 det:predet _ _ 32 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 29 nmod _ _ 33 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 34 nsubj _ _ 34 rose rise VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 32 acl:relcl _ _ 35 up up ADP RP _ 34 compound:prt _ _ 36 against against ADP IN _ 37 case _ _ 37 thee thou PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch 34 obl _ _ 38 . . PUNCT . _ 7 punct _ _ 39 ' ' PUNCT '' _ 7 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - polarity: none - teacher: changed polarity=none | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **come** | past | the Cushite | | | | | | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the Cushite | | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **avenge** | present · perfect | the LORD | thee | | | day | | tree rules | | 4 | **rise up** | past | | | | thee | | | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent against thou=Location | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. ## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew} וְהִנֵּ֥ה הַכּוּשִׁ֖י בָּ֑א וַיֹּ֣אמֶר הַכּוּשִׁ֗י יִתְבַּשֵּׂר֙ אֲדֹנִ֣י הַמֶּ֔לֶךְ כִּֽי־שְׁפָטְךָ֤ יְהוָה֙ הַיּ֔וֹם מִיַּ֖ד כָּל־הַקָּמִ֥ים עָלֶֽיךָ׃ס [2 Samuel 18:31: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.18.31/) **Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:2SA:544` of Mova's parse database. **The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter. - ← previous: [2 Samuel 18:30 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.543/) - next →: [2 Samuel 18:32 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.545/) - ↑ back to [2 Samuel 18:31](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.18.31/)