--- title: 2 Samuel 20:18 (JPS 1917) — Then she spoke, saying: 'They were wont to speak in old time, saying… · tree and pragmatics description: Then she spoke, saying: 'They were wont to speak in old time, saying: They shall surely ask counsel at Abel; and so they ended the matter. Who acts: Beth, women. 2 Samuel 20:18 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.622/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [2 Samuel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/) / [chapter 20](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA/20/) / [20:18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.20.18/) / JPS 1 # 2 Samuel 20:18 · JPS 1917 Then she spoke, saying: 'They were wont to speak in old time, saying: They shall surely ask counsel at Abel; and so they ended the matter. **Who acts:** Beth, women · **What happens:** speak, say, be, ask, end · **To what, where:** counsel, Abel, matter · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is 2 Samuel 20:18 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Beth, women), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = jps:2SA:622 # text = Then she spoke, saying: 'They were wont to speak in old time, saying: They shall surely ask counsel at Abel; and so they ended the matter. 1 Then then ADV RB PronType=Dem 3 advmod _ _ 2 she she PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 3 nsubj _ _ 3 spoke speak VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 , , PUNCT , _ 5 punct _ _ 5 saying say VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 3 advcl _ _ 6 : : PUNCT : _ 10 punct _ _ 7 ' ' PUNCT `` _ 10 punct _ _ 8 They they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 10 nsubj _ _ 9 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 10 cop _ _ 10 wont wont ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 5 ccomp _ _ 11 to to PART TO _ 12 mark _ _ 12 speak speak VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 10 xcomp _ _ 13 in in ADP IN _ 15 case _ _ 14 old old ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 15 amod _ _ 15 time time NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 obl _ _ 16 , , PUNCT , _ 17 punct _ _ 17 saying say VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 12 advcl _ _ 18 : : PUNCT : _ 22 punct _ _ 19 They they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 22 nsubj _ _ 20 shall shall AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 22 aux _ _ 21 surely surely ADV RB _ 22 advmod _ _ 22 ask ask VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 17 ccomp _ _ 23 counsel counsel NOUN NN Number=Sing 22 obj _ _ 24 at at ADP IN _ 25 case _ _ 25 Abel Abel PROPN NNP Number=Sing 22 obl _ _ 26 ; ; PUNCT : _ 30 punct _ _ 27 and and CCONJ CC _ 30 cc _ _ 28 so so ADV RB _ 30 advmod _ _ 29 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 30 nsubj _ _ 30 ended end VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ _ 31 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 32 det _ _ 32 matter matter NOUN NN Number=Sing 30 obj _ _ 33 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: character - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | past | Beth | | | | then | | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund | Beth *not said here* | | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **is** | past | women *= woman* | | | | | wont *property* | tree rules | | 4 | **speak** *speech: other* | to-infinitive | women *= woman* *not said here* | | | | time | | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 5 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund | women *= woman* *not said here* | | | | | | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 6 | **ask** *speech: ask* | shall | women *= woman* | counsel | | Abel | | surely *property* | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent counsel=Recipient | | 7 | **end** | past | women *= woman* | the matter | | | | | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality matter=Eventuality | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. ## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew} וַתֹּ֖אמֶר לֵאמֹ֑ר דַּבֵּ֨ר יְדַבְּר֤וּ בָרִֽאשֹׁנָה֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר שָׁאֹ֧ל יְשָׁאֲל֛וּ בְּאָבֵ֖ל וְכֵ֥ן הֵתַֽמּוּ׃ [2 Samuel 20:18: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.20.18/) **Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:2SA:622` of Mova's parse database. **The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter. - ← previous: [2 Samuel 20:17 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.621/) - next →: [2 Samuel 20:19 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/2SA.623/) - ↑ back to [2 Samuel 20:18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.20.18/)