---
title: 2 Samuel 21:10 (JPS 1917) — And Rizpah the daughter of Aiah took sackcloth, and spread it for he… · tree and pragmatics
description: And Rizpah the daughter of Aiah took sackcloth, and spread it for her upon the rock, from the beginning of harvest until water was poured upon them from heaven; and she suffered neither the birds of the air to rest on them by day, nor the beasts of the field by night. Who acts: Rizpah, Aiah. 2 Samue
---

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# 2 Samuel 21:10 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And Rizpah the daughter of Aiah took sackcloth, and spread it for her upon the rock, from the beginning of harvest until water was poured upon them from heaven; and she suffered neither the birds of the air to rest on them by day, nor the beasts of the field by night.

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**Who acts:** Rizpah, Aiah · **What happens:** take, spread, pour, suffer, rest, begin · **To what, where:** sackcloth, beginning, water, heaven, birds, harvest

<!-- .vabout -->
This is 2 Samuel 21:10 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Rizpah, Aiah), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:2SA:644
# text = And Rizpah the daughter of Aiah took sackcloth, and spread it for her upon the rock, from the beginning of harvest until water was poured upon them from heaven; and she suffered neither the birds of the air to rest on them by day, nor the beasts of the field by night.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
2	Rizpah	Rizpah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	daughter	daughter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Aiah	Aiah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	sackcloth	sackcloth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	spread	spread	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	obj	_	_
13	for	for	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	obl	_	_
15	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
19	from	from	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	beginning	beginning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	harvest	harvest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	_
24	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	27	mark	_	_
25	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	nsubj:pass	_	_
26	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	27	aux:pass	_	_
27	poured	pour	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	advcl	_	_
28	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
29	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	27	obl	_	_
30	from	from	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
31	heaven	heaven	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obl	_	_
32	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	35	punct	_	_
33	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	35	cc	_	_
34	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	35	nsubj	_	_
35	suffered	suffer	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
36	neither	neither	CCONJ	CC	Polarity=Neg	38	cc:preconj	_	_
37	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	38	det	_	_
38	birds	bird	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	35	obj	_	_
39	of	of	ADP	IN	_	41	case	_	_
40	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	41	det	_	_
41	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	38	nmod	_	_
42	to	to	PART	TO	_	43	mark	_	_
43	rest	rest	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	38	acl	_	_
44	on	on	ADP	IN	_	45	case	_	_
45	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	43	obl	_	_
46	by	by	ADP	IN	_	47	case	_	_
47	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	43	obl	_	_
48	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	51	punct	_	_
49	nor	nor	CCONJ	CC	Polarity=Neg	51	cc	_	_
50	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	51	det	_	_
51	beasts	beast	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	38	conj	_	_
52	of	of	ADP	IN	_	54	case	_	_
53	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	54	det	_	_
54	field	field	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	51	nmod	_	_
55	by	by	ADP	IN	_	56	case	_	_
56	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	43	obl	_	_
57	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: narrate
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past | Rizpah | sackcloth |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sackcloth=Theme |
| 2 | **spread** | past | Rizpah *not said here* | sackcloth |  |  | from the beginning of harvest | for Aiah; upon the rock | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent it=Theme upon rock=Destination |
| 3 | **pour** | past · passive |  | water |  | heaven |  | upon Rizpah | vn pour-9.5 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location PP.destination»: subject=Theme from heaven=Initial\_Location |
| 4 | **suffer** | past | Aiah | the birds of the air nor the beasts of the field |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer bird=Stimulus |
| 5 | **rest** | to-infinitive | Aiah *not said here* | the birds of the air nor the beasts of the field *not said here* |  |  | day; night | on Rizpah | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on they=Location |
| 6 | **begin** |  |  | harvest |  |  |  |  | nom beginning «event transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וַתִּקַּ֣ח רִצְפָּה֩ בַת־אַיָּ֨ה אֶת־הַשַּׂ֜ק וַתַּטֵּ֨הוּ לָ֤הּ אֶל־הַצּוּר֙ מִתְּחִלַּ֣ת קָצִ֔יר עַ֛ד נִתַּךְ־מַ֥יִם עֲלֵיהֶ֖ם מִן־הַשָּׁמָ֑יִם וְלֹֽא־נָתְנָה֩ ע֨וֹף הַשָּׁמַ֜יִם לָנ֤וּחַ עֲלֵיהֶם֙ יוֹמָ֔ם וְאֶת־חַיַּ֥ת הַשָּׂדֶ֖ה לָֽיְלָה׃

[2 Samuel 21:10: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.21.10/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:2SA:644` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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