---
title: 2 Samuel 22:10 (JPS 1917) — He bowed the heavens also, and came down; and thick darkness was und… · tree and pragmatics
description: He bowed the heavens also, and came down; and thick darkness was under His feet. Who acts: fire, thick darkness. 2 Samuel 22:10 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# 2 Samuel 22:10 · JPS 1917

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He bowed the heavens also, and came down; and thick darkness was under His feet.

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**Who acts:** fire, thick darkness · **What happens:** bow, come down, be · **To what, where:** heavens, feet

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This is 2 Samuel 22:10 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (fire, thick darkness), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:2SA:669
# text = He bowed the heavens also, and came down; and thick darkness was under His feet.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	bowed	bow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	heavens	heaven	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	also	also	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
9	down	down	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
10	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	17	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
12	thick	thick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	darkness	darkness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	_
14	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
15	under	under	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	His	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	17	nmod:poss	_	_
17	feet	foot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bow** | past | fire | the heavens |  |  |  |  | vn curtsey-40.3.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent heaven=Topic |
| 2 | **come down** | past | fire *not said here* |  |  |  |  | down *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **is** | past | thick darkness |  |  | fire's feet |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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וַיֵּ֥ט שָׁמַ֖יִם וַיֵּרַ֑ד וַעֲרָפֶ֖ל תַּ֥חַת רַגְלָֽיו׃

[2 Samuel 22:10: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.22.10/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:2SA:669` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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