---
title: 2 Samuel 23:4 (JPS 1917) — And as the light of the morning, when the sun riseth, a morning with… · tree and pragmatics
description: And as the light of the morning, when the sun riseth, a morning without clouds; when through clear shining after rain, the tender grass springeth out of the earth.' Who acts: sun, tender grass. 2 Samuel 23:4 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# 2 Samuel 23:4 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And as the light of the morning, when the sun riseth, a morning without clouds; when through clear shining after rain, the tender grass springeth out of the earth.'

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** sun, tender grass · **What happens:** rise, spring out, light · **To what, where:** earth, clear shining, morning

<!-- .vabout -->
This is 2 Samuel 23:4 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (sun, tender grass), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:2SA:714
# text = And as the light of the morning, when the sun riseth, a morning without clouds; when through clear shining after rain, the tender grass springeth out of the earth.'
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
2	as	as	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	advcl	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	morning	morning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
9	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	12	mark	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	sun	sun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
12	riseth	rise	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	morning	morning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	_
16	without	without	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	clouds	cloud	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nmod	_	_
18	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	29	punct	_	_
19	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	29	mark	_	_
20	through	through	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	clear	clear	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	shining	shine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	_
23	after	after	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nmod	_	_
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
27	tender	tender	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	amod	_	_
28	grass	grass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	nsubj	_	_
29	springeth	spring	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
30	out	out	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
31	of	of	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
32	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
33	earth	earth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	_
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	29	punct	_	_
35	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	29	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: pos
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rise** | present | the sun |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **spring out** | present | the tender grass | the earth |  | clear shining after rain |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial\_Location earth=Theme |
| 3 | **light** |  |  | the morning |  |  |  |  | nom light «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וּכְא֥וֹר בֹּ֖קֶר יִזְרַח־שָׁ֑מֶשׁ בֹּ֚קֶר לֹ֣א עָב֔וֹת מִנֹּ֥גַהּ מִמָּטָ֖ר דֶּ֥שֶׁא מֵאָֽרֶץ׃

[2 Samuel 23:4: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.23.4/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:2SA:714` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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