---
title: 2 Samuel 3:12 (JPS 1917) — And Abner sent messengers to David straightway, saying: 'Whose is th… · tree and pragmatics
description: And Abner sent messengers to David straightway, saying: 'Whose is the land?' saying also: 'Make thy league with me, and, behold, my hand shall be with thee, to bring over all Israel unto thee.' Who acts: Abner, hand. 2 Samuel 3:12 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clau
---

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# 2 Samuel 3:12 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
And Abner sent messengers to David straightway, saying: 'Whose is the land?' saying also: 'Make thy league with me, and, behold, my hand shall be with thee, to bring over all Israel unto thee.'

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Abner, hand · **What happens:** send, say, be, make, bring over · **To what, where:** messengers, David, land, league, Israel · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is 2 Samuel 3:12 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Abner, hand), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:2SA:81
# text = And Abner sent messengers to David straightway, saying: 'Whose is the land?' saying also: 'Make thy league with me, and, behold, my hand shall be with thee, to bring over all Israel unto thee.'
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	Abner	Abner	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sent	send	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	messengers	messenger	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	David	David	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	straightway	straightway	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	saying	say	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	15	punct	_	_
11	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	_
12	Whose	whose	PRON	WP	Poss=Yes|PronType=Int	15	nsubj	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	ccomp	_	_
16	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	15	punct	_	_
17	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	_
18	saying	say	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
19	also	also	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
20	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	22	punct	_	_
21	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	22	punct	_	_
22	Make	make	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	18	ccomp	_	_
23	thy	thy	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	24	nmod:poss	_	_
24	league	league	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	_
25	with	with	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	22	obl	_	_
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
28	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	37	cc	_	_
29	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
30	behold	behold	INTJ	UH	_	37	discourse	_	_
31	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
32	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	33	nmod:poss	_	_
33	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	37	nsubj	_	_
34	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	37	aux	_	_
35	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	37	cop	_	_
36	with	with	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
37	thee	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	22	conj	_	_
38	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	40	punct	_	_
39	to	to	PART	TO	_	40	mark	_	_
40	bring	bring	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	37	advcl	_	_
41	over	over	ADP	RP	_	40	compound:prt	_	_
42	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	43	det	_	_
43	Israel	Israel	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	40	obj	_	_
44	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	45	case	_	_
45	thee	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	40	obl	_	_
46	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
47	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: other
- act: narrate
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed form=other, act=narrate, voice=narrator

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **send** | past | Abner | messengers | David |  |  | straightway *property* | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent messenger=Theme to david=Destination |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund | Abner *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is a** | present |  | the land |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund | Abner *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 5 | **make** | infinitive |  | thy league |  |  |  | with me | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset league=Product |
| 6 | **is** | shall | my hand |  |  |  |  | with thee | tree rules |
| 7 | **bring over** | to-infinitive | my hand *not said here* |  | all Israel |  |  | unto thee | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP ADVP»: agent=Instrument israel=Destination |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וַיִּשְׁלַח֩ אַבְנֵ֨ר מַלְאָכִ֧ים ׀ אֶל־דָּוִ֛ד תַּחְתָּ֥יו לֵאמֹ֖ר לְמִי־אָ֑רֶץ לֵאמֹ֗ר כָּרְתָ֤ה בְרִֽיתְךָ֙ אִתִּ֔י וְהִנֵּה֙ יָדִ֣י עִמָּ֔ךְ לְהָסֵ֥ב אֵלֶ֖יךָ אֶת־כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃

[2 Samuel 3:12: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/2SA.3.12/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:2SA:81` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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