--- title: Amos 2:4 (JPS 1917) — Thus saith the LORD: For three transgressions of Judah, yea, for fou… · tree and pragmatics description: Thus saith the LORD: For three transgressions of Judah, yea, for four, I will not reverse it: because they have rejected the law of the LORD, and have not kept His statutes, and their lies have caused them to err, after which their fathers did walk. Who acts: LORD, I, transgressions, lies. 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The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (LORD, I, transgressions, lies), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = jps:AMO:18 # text = Thus saith the LORD: For three transgressions of Judah, yea, for four, I will not reverse it: because they have rejected the law of the LORD, and have not kept His statutes, and their lies have caused them to err, after which their fathers did walk. 1 Thus thus ADV RB _ 2 advmod _ _ 2 saith say VERB VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 3 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 4 det _ _ 4 LORD LORD PROPN NNP Number=Sing 2 nsubj _ _ 5 : : PUNCT : _ 8 punct _ _ 6 For for ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 7 three three NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 8 nummod _ _ 8 transgressions transgression NOUN NNS Number=Plur 20 obl _ _ 9 of of ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 10 Judah Judah PROPN NNP Number=Sing 8 nmod _ _ 11 , , PUNCT , _ 12 punct _ _ 12 yea yea INTJ UH _ 20 discourse _ _ 13 , , PUNCT , _ 15 punct _ _ 14 for for ADP IN _ 15 case _ _ 15 four four NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 20 obl _ _ 16 , , PUNCT , _ 15 punct _ _ 17 I I PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 20 nsubj _ _ 18 will will AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 20 aux _ _ 19 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 20 advmod _ _ 20 reverse reverse VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 2 ccomp _ _ 21 it it PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 20 obj _ _ 22 : : PUNCT : _ 26 punct _ _ 23 because because SCONJ IN _ 26 mark _ _ 24 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 26 nsubj _ _ 25 have have AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 26 aux _ _ 26 rejected reject VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 20 advcl _ _ 27 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 28 det _ _ 28 law law NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 obj _ _ 29 of of ADP IN _ 31 case _ _ 30 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 31 det _ _ 31 LORD LORD PROPN NNP Number=Sing 28 nmod _ _ 32 , , PUNCT , _ 36 punct _ _ 33 and and CCONJ CC _ 36 cc _ _ 34 have have AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 36 aux _ _ 35 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 36 advmod _ _ 36 kept keep VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 26 conj _ _ 37 His his PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 38 nmod:poss _ _ 38 statutes statute NOUN NNS Number=Plur 36 obj _ _ 39 , , PUNCT , _ 44 punct _ _ 40 and and CCONJ CC _ 44 cc _ _ 41 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 42 nmod:poss _ _ 42 lies lie NOUN NNS Number=Plur 44 nsubj _ _ 43 have have AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 44 aux _ _ 44 caused cause VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 26 conj _ _ 45 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 44 obj _ _ 46 to to PART TO _ 47 mark _ _ 47 err err VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 44 xcomp _ _ 48 , , PUNCT , _ 54 punct _ _ 49 after after ADP IN _ 50 case _ _ 50 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 54 obl _ _ 51 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 52 nmod:poss _ _ 52 fathers father NOUN NNS Number=Plur 54 nsubj _ _ 53 did do AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 54 aux _ _ 54 walk walk VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 44 advcl:relcl _ _ 55 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: narrate - voice: character - polarity: none - teacher: changed act=narrate, voice=character | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | the LORD | | | | | thus *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 2 | **not** **reverse** | future | I | judge | | | | for three transgressions of Judah; for four | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent it=Patient | | 3 | **reject** | present · perfect | transgressions *= transgression* | the law of the LORD | | | | | vn reject-77.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent law=Theme | | 4 | **not** **keep** | present · perfect | transgressions *= transgression* *not said here* | LORD's statutes | | | | | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent statute=Theme | | 5 | **cause** | present · perfect | transgressions's lies | transgressions *= transgression* | | | | | tree rules | | 6 | **err** | to-infinitive | transgressions *= transgression* *not said here* | | | | | | tree rules | | 7 | **walk** | past · do-support | transgressions's fathers | | | | | | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 8 | **transgress** | | Judah | | | | | | nom transgression «act intransitive»: of=agent | | 9 | **lie** | | transgressions *= transgression* | | | | | | nom lie «communication intransitive»: poss=agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. ## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew} כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה עַל־שְׁלֹשָׁה֙ פִּשְׁעֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה וְעַל־אַרְבָּעָ֖ה לֹ֣א אֲשִׁיבֶ֑נּוּ עַֽל־מָאֳסָ֞ם אֶת־תּוֹרַ֣ת יְהוָ֗ה וְחֻקָּיו֙ לֹ֣א שָׁמָ֔רוּ וַיַּתְעוּם֙ כִּזְבֵיהֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁר־הָלְכ֥וּ אֲבוֹתָ֖ם אַחֲרֵיהֶֽם׃ [Amos 2:4: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/AMO.2.4/) **Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:AMO:18` of Mova's parse database. **The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter. - ← previous: [Amos 2:3 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/AMO.17/) - next →: [Amos 2:5 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/AMO.19/) - ↑ back to [Amos 2:4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/AMO.2.4/)