--- title: Ezekiel 31:12 (JPS 1917) — And strangers, the terrible of the nations, do cut him off, and cast… · tree and pragmatics description: And strangers, the terrible of the nations, do cut him off, and cast him down; upon the mountains and in all the valleys his branches are fallen, and his boughs lie broken in all the channels of the land; and all the peoples of the earth do go down from his shadow, and do leave him. 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The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (strangers, boughs, peoples, God), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = jps:EZK:808 # text = And strangers, the terrible of the nations, do cut him off, and cast him down; upon the mountains and in all the valleys his branches are fallen, and his boughs lie broken in all the channels of the land; and all the peoples of the earth do go down from his shadow, and do leave him. 1 And and CCONJ CC _ 11 cc _ _ 2 strangers stranger NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 nsubj _ _ 3 , , PUNCT , _ 5 punct _ _ 4 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 5 det _ _ 5 terrible terrible NOUN NN Number=Sing 2 appos _ _ 6 of of ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 7 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 8 det _ _ 8 nations nation NOUN NNS Number=Plur 5 nmod _ _ 9 , , PUNCT , _ 2 punct _ _ 10 do do AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 11 aux _ _ 11 cut cut VERB VB Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 12 him he PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 11 obj _ _ 13 off off ADP RP _ 11 compound:prt _ _ 14 , , PUNCT , _ 16 punct _ _ 15 and and CCONJ CC _ 16 cc _ _ 16 cast cast VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 11 conj _ _ 17 him he PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 16 obj _ _ 18 down down ADP RP _ 16 compound:prt _ _ 19 ; ; PUNCT : _ 31 punct _ _ 20 upon upon ADP IN _ 22 case _ _ 21 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 22 det _ _ 22 mountains mountain NOUN NNS Number=Plur 31 obl _ _ 23 and and CCONJ CC _ 27 cc _ _ 24 in in ADP IN _ 27 case _ _ 25 all all DET PDT PronType=Tot 27 det:predet _ _ 26 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 27 det _ _ 27 valleys valley NOUN NNS Number=Plur 22 conj _ _ 28 his his PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 29 nmod:poss _ _ 29 branches branch NOUN NNS Number=Plur 31 nsubj:pass _ _ 30 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 31 aux:pass _ _ 31 fallen fall VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 11 conj _ _ 32 , , PUNCT , _ 36 punct _ _ 33 and and CCONJ CC _ 36 cc _ _ 34 his his PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 35 nmod:poss _ _ 35 boughs bough NOUN NNS Number=Plur 36 nsubj _ _ 36 lie lie VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 31 conj _ _ 37 broken break VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 36 xcomp _ _ 38 in in ADP IN _ 41 case _ _ 39 all all DET PDT PronType=Tot 41 det:predet _ _ 40 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 41 det _ _ 41 channels channel NOUN NNS Number=Plur 37 obl _ _ 42 of of ADP IN _ 44 case _ _ 43 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 44 det _ _ 44 land land NOUN NN Number=Sing 41 nmod _ _ 45 ; ; PUNCT : _ 54 punct _ _ 46 and and CCONJ CC _ 54 cc _ _ 47 all all DET PDT PronType=Tot 49 det:predet _ _ 48 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 49 det _ _ 49 peoples people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 54 nsubj _ _ 50 of of ADP IN _ 52 case _ _ 51 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 52 det _ _ 52 earth earth NOUN NN Number=Sing 49 nmod _ _ 53 do do AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 54 aux _ _ 54 go go VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 11 conj _ _ 55 down down ADV RB _ 54 advmod _ _ 56 from from ADP IN _ 58 case _ _ 57 his his PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 58 nmod:poss _ _ 58 shadow shadow NOUN NN Number=Sing 54 obl _ _ 59 , , PUNCT , _ 62 punct _ _ 60 and and CCONJ CC _ 62 cc _ _ 61 do do AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 62 aux _ _ 62 leave leave VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 54 conj _ _ 63 him he PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 62 obj _ _ 64 . . PUNCT . _ 11 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: neg - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **cut off** | present · do-support | strangers | God | | | | | vn stop-55.4-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Affector he=Eventuality | | 2 | **cast down** | infinitive | strangers *not said here* | God | | | | | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Product | | 3 | **fall** | present · passive | | God's branches | | | | upon the mountains and all valleys | vn become-109.1-1 «NP V ADJ»: subject=Result | | 4 | **lie** | present | God's boughs | | | | | | tree rules | | 5 | **break** | participle | God's boughs *not said here* | | | all channels of the land | | | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in channel=Location | | 6 | **go down** | present · do-support | all peoples of the earth | | | God's shadow | | down *property* | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute | | 7 | **leave** | present · do-support | all peoples of the earth *not said here* | God | | | | | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent he=Theme | | 8 | **channel** | | | the land | | | | | nom channel «communication transitive»: of=patient | | 9 | **shadow** | | God | | | | | | nom shadow «state transitive»: poss=agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. ## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew} וַיִּכְרְתֻ֧הוּ זָרִ֛ים עָרִיצֵ֥י גוֹיִ֖ם וַֽיִּטְּשֻׁ֑הוּ אֶל־הֶ֠הָרִים וּבְכָל־גֵּ֨אָי֜וֹת נָפְל֣וּ דָלִיּוֹתָ֗יו וַתִּשָּׁבַ֤רְנָה פֹֽארֹתָיו֙ בְּכֹל֙ אֲפִיקֵ֣י הָאָ֔רֶץ וַיֵּרְד֧וּ מִצִּלּ֛וֹ כָּל־עַמֵּ֥י הָאָ֖רֶץ וַֽיִּטְּשֻֽׁהוּ׃ [Ezekiel 31:12: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/EZK.31.12/) **Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:EZK:808` of Mova's parse database. **The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter. - ← previous: [Ezekiel 31:11 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/EZK.807/) - next →: [Ezekiel 31:13 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/EZK.809/) - ↑ back to [Ezekiel 31:12](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/EZK.31.12/)