---
title: Haggai 1:10 (JPS 1917) — Therefore over you the heaven hath kept back, so that there is no de… · tree and pragmatics
description: Therefore over you the heaven hath kept back, so that there is no dew, and the earth hath kept back her produce. Who acts: heaven, dew, earth. Haggai 1:10 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Haggai 1:10 · JPS 1917

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Therefore over you the heaven hath kept back, so that there is no dew, and the earth hath kept back her produce.

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**Who acts:** heaven, dew, earth · **What happens:** keep back, be · **To what, where:** produce

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This is Haggai 1:10 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (heaven, dew, earth), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:HAG:11
# text = Therefore over you the heaven hath kept back, so that there is no dew, and the earth hath kept back her produce.
1	Therefore	therefore	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
2	over	over	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	obl	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	heaven	heaven	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
6	hath	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	kept	keep	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	back	back	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	so	so	SCONJ	IN	ExtPos=SCONJ	13	mark	_	_
11	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	10	fixed	_	_
12	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	13	expl	_	_
13	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	advcl	_	_
14	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	15	det	_	_
15	dew	dew	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	earth	earth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nsubj	_	_
20	hath	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	aux	_	_
21	kept	keep	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	conj	_	_
22	back	back	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
23	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	24	nmod:poss	_	_
24	produce	produce	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obj	_	_
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep back** | present · perfect | the heaven |  |  |  |  | over you; therefore *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent over you=Location |
| 2 | **be** | present | no dew |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **keep back** | present · perfect | the earth | earth's produce |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent produce=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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עַל־כֵּ֣ן עֲלֵיכֶ֔ם כָּלְא֥וּ שָמַ֖יִםמִטָּ֑ל וְהָאָ֖רֶץ כָּלְאָ֥ה יְבוּלָֽהּ׃

[Haggai 1:10: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/HAG.1.10/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:HAG:11` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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