--- title: Hosea 13:2 (JPS 1917) — And now they sin more and more, and have made them molten images of… · tree and pragmatics description: And now they sin more and more, and have made them molten images of their silver, according to their own understanding, even idols, all of them the work of the craftsmen; of them they say: 'They that sacrifice men kiss calves.' Who acts: they, images, craftsmen. 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The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (they, images, craftsmen), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = jps:HOS:186 # text = And now they sin more and more, and have made them molten images of their silver, according to their own understanding, even idols, all of them the work of the craftsmen; of them they say: 'They that sacrifice men kiss calves.' 1 And and CCONJ CC _ 4 cc _ _ 2 now now ADV RB PronType=Dem 4 advmod _ _ 3 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 4 nsubj _ _ 4 sin sin VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 5 more more ADV RBR Degree=Cmp 4 advmod _ _ 6 and and CCONJ CC _ 7 cc _ _ 7 more more ADV RBR Degree=Cmp 5 conj _ _ 8 , , PUNCT , _ 11 punct _ _ 9 and and CCONJ CC _ 11 cc _ _ 10 have have AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 11 aux _ _ 11 made make VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 4 conj _ _ 12 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 11 iobj _ _ 13 molten molten ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 14 amod _ _ 14 images image NOUN NNS Number=Plur 11 obj _ _ 15 of of ADP IN _ 17 case _ _ 16 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 17 nmod:poss _ _ 17 silver silver NOUN NN Number=Sing 14 nmod _ _ 18 , , PUNCT , _ 23 punct _ _ 19 according accord VERB VBG ExtPos=ADP|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 23 case _ _ 20 to to ADP IN _ 19 fixed _ _ 21 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 23 nmod:poss _ _ 22 own own ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 23 amod _ _ 23 understanding understanding NOUN NN Number=Sing 11 obl _ _ 24 , , PUNCT , _ 26 punct _ _ 25 even even ADV RB _ 26 advmod _ _ 26 idols idol NOUN NNS Number=Plur 14 appos _ _ 27 , , PUNCT , _ 28 punct _ _ 28 all all DET DT PronType=Tot 26 det _ _ 29 of of ADP IN _ 30 case _ _ 30 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 28 nmod _ _ 31 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 32 det _ _ 32 work work NOUN NN Number=Sing 14 appos _ _ 33 of of ADP IN _ 35 case _ _ 34 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 35 det _ _ 35 craftsmen craftsman NOUN NNS Number=Plur 32 nmod _ _ 36 ; ; PUNCT : _ 40 punct _ _ 37 of of ADP IN _ 38 case _ _ 38 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 40 obl _ _ 39 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 40 nsubj _ _ 40 say say VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 4 parataxis _ _ 41 : : PUNCT : _ 47 punct _ _ 42 ' ' PUNCT `` _ 47 punct _ _ 43 They they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 47 nsubj _ _ 44 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 45 nsubj _ _ 45 sacrifice sacrifice VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 43 acl:relcl _ _ 46 men man NOUN NNS Number=Plur 45 obj _ _ 47 kiss kiss VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 40 ccomp _ _ 48 calves calf NOUN NNS Number=Plur 47 obj _ _ 49 . . PUNCT . _ 40 punct _ _ 50 ' ' PUNCT '' _ 40 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **sin** | present | they | | | | now | | vn rebel-71.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 2 | **make** | present · perfect | they *not said here* | molten images of images's silver | them *= they* | | | accord images's own understanding | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP NP»: agent=Asset they=Beneficiary image=Product | | 3 | **accord** | gerund | | | | | | | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent | | 4 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | images *= image* | | | | | of images *= image* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | | 5 | **sacrifice** | present | | men | | | | | vn contribute-13.2-1-1 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent man=Theme | | 6 | **kiss** | present | images *= image* | calves | | | | | vn marry-36.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent calf=Co-Agent | | 7 | **image** | | | images's silver | | | | | nom image «cognition transitive»: of=patient | | 8 | **understand** | | images *= image* | | | | | | nom understanding «cognition transitive»: poss=agent | | 9 | **work** | | the craftsmen | | | | | | nom work «act intransitive»: of=agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. ## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew} וְעַתָּ֣ה ׀ יוֹסִ֣פוּ לַחֲטֹ֗א וַיַּעְשׂ֣וּ לָהֶם֩ מַסֵּכָ֨ה מִכַּסְפָּ֤ם כִּתְבוּנָם֙ עֲצַבִּ֔ים מַעֲשֵׂ֥ה חָרָשִׁ֖ים כֻּלֹּ֑ה לָהֶם֙ הֵ֣ם אֹמְרִ֔ים זֹבְחֵ֣י אָדָ֔ם עֲגָלִ֖ים יִשָּׁקֽוּן׃ [Hosea 13:2: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/HOS.13.2/) **Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:HOS:186` of Mova's parse database. **The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter. - ← previous: [Hosea 13:1 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/HOS.185/) - next →: [Hosea 13:3 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/HOS.187/) - ↑ back to [Hosea 13:2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/HOS.13.2/)