---
title: Isaiah 45:18 (JPS 1917) — For thus saith the LORD that created the heavens, He is God; that fo… · tree and pragmatics
description: For thus saith the LORD that created the heavens, He is God; that formed the earth and made it, He established it, He created it not a waste, He formed it to be inhabited: I am the LORD, and there is none else. Who acts: LORD, that, I, none. Isaiah 45:18 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the 
---

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# Isaiah 45:18 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
For thus saith the LORD that created the heavens, He is God; that formed the earth and made it, He established it, He created it not a waste, He formed it to be inhabited: I am the LORD, and there is none else.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** LORD, that, I, none · **What happens:** say, create, be, form, make, establish · **To what, where:** heavens, God, earth, waste, LORD · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is Isaiah 45:18 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (LORD, that, I, none), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:ISA:1020
# text = For thus saith the LORD that created the heavens, He is God; that formed the earth and made it, He established it, He created it not a waste, He formed it to be inhabited: I am the LORD, and there is none else.
1	For	for	ADP	IN	_	3	mark	_	_
2	thus	thus	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	saith	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	advcl	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	LORD	LORD	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	created	create	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	heavens	heaven	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	_
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
11	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
12	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
13	God	God	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
14	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
15	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	16	nsubj	_	_
16	formed	form	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	parataxis	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	earth	earth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	conj	_	_
21	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	obj	_	_
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
23	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj	_	_
24	established	establish	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	conj	_	_
25	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	obj	_	_
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
27	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	28	nsubj	_	_
28	created	create	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	conj	_	_
29	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	28	obj	_	_
30	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	28	advmod	_	_
31	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	waste	waste	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obj	_	_
33	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	35	punct	_	_
34	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	35	nsubj	_	_
35	formed	form	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	conj	_	_
36	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	35	obj	_	_
37	to	to	PART	TO	_	39	mark	_	_
38	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	39	aux:pass	_	_
39	inhabited	inhabit	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	35	advcl	_	_
40	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	44	punct	_	_
41	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	44	nsubj	_	_
42	am	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	44	cop	_	_
43	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	44	det	_	_
44	LORD	LORD	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	parataxis	_	_
45	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	48	punct	_	_
46	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	48	cc	_	_
47	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	48	expl	_	_
48	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	conj	_	_
49	none	none	PRON	NN	PronType=Neg	48	nsubj	_	_
50	else	else	ADV	RB	_	49	advmod	_	_
51	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | the LORD |  |  |  |  | thus *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **create** | past | the LORD | the heavens |  |  |  |  | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent heaven=Result |
| 3 | **is a** | present | LORD | God |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **form** | past | that | the earth |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location earth=Theme |
| 5 | **make** | past | that *not said here* | earth |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset it=Product |
| 6 | **establish** | past | LORD | earth |  |  |  |  | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Patient |
| 7 | **not** **create** | past | LORD | earth |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 8 | **form** | past | LORD | waste |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location it=Theme |
| 9 | **inhabit** | to-infinitive · passive | LORD *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 10 | **is a** | present | I | the LORD |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 11 | **be** | present | none |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
כִּ֣י כֹ֣ה אָֽמַר־יְ֠הוָה בּוֹרֵ֨א הַשָּׁמַ֜יִם ה֣וּא הָאֱלֹהִ֗ים יֹצֵ֨ר הָאָ֤רֶץ וְעֹשָׂהּ֙ ה֣וּא כֽוֹנְנָ֔הּ לֹא־תֹ֥הוּ בְרָאָ֖הּ לָשֶׁ֣בֶת יְצָרָ֑הּ אֲנִ֥י יְהוָ֖ה וְאֵ֥ין עֽוֹד׃

[Isaiah 45:18: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.45.18/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:ISA:1020` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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