---
title: Isaiah 5:28 (JPS 1917) — Whose arrows are sharp, and all their bows bent; their horses' hoofs… · tree and pragmatics
description: Whose arrows are sharp, and all their bows bent; their horses' hoofs shall be counted like flint, and their wheels like a whirlwind; Who acts: arrows, bows. Isaiah 5:28 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Isaiah 5:28 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Whose arrows are sharp, and all their bows bent; their horses' hoofs shall be counted like flint, and their wheels like a whirlwind;

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**Who acts:** arrows, bows · **What happens:** be, count · **To what, where:** hoofs

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This is Isaiah 5:28 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (arrows, bows), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:ISA:119
# text = Whose arrows are sharp, and all their bows bent; their horses' hoofs shall be counted like flint, and their wheels like a whirlwind;
1	Whose	whose	PRON	WP$	Poss=Yes|PronType=Rel	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	arrows	arrow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
7	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	9	det:predet	_	_
8	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	bows	bow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
10	bent	bent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
11	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
12	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	horses	horse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nmod:poss	_	_
14	'	's	PART	POS	_	13	case	_	_
15	hoofs	hoof	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nsubj:pass	_	_
16	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
17	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	aux:pass	_	_
18	counted	count	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	parataxis	_	_
19	like	like	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	flint	flint	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
23	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	24	nmod:poss	_	_
24	wheels	wheel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	conj	_	_
25	like	like	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	whirlwind	whirlwind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	nmod	_	_
28	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed polarity=none

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | arrows |  |  |  |  | sharp *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | arrows's bows |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **count** | shall · passive |  | arrows's horses's hoofs |  |  |  | like flint | vn multiply-108 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
אֲשֶׁ֤ר חִצָּיו֙ שְׁנוּנִ֔ים וְכָל־קַשְּׁתֹתָ֖יו דְּרֻכ֑וֹת פַּרְס֤וֹת סוּסָיו֙ כַּצַּ֣ר נֶחְשָׁ֔בוּ וְגַלְגִּלָּ֖יו כַּסּוּפָֽה׃

[Isaiah 5:28: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.5.28/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:ISA:119` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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