---
title: Isaiah 9:1 (JPS 1917) — The people that walked in darkness have seen a great light; they tha… · tree and pragmatics
description: The people that walked in darkness have seen a great light; they that dwelt in the land of the shadow of death, upon them hath the light shined. Who acts: people. Isaiah 9:1 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Isaiah 9:1 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The people that walked in darkness have seen a great light; they that dwelt in the land of the shadow of death, upon them hath the light shined.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** people · **What happens:** walk, see, dwell, shin, shadow · **To what, where:** darkness, great light, land, death

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This is Isaiah 9:1 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:ISA:187
# text = The people that walked in darkness have seen a great light; they that dwelt in the land of the shadow of death, upon them hath the light shined.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
3	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
4	walked	walk	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	darkness	darkness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
7	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	seen	see	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
12	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
13	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	30	nsubj	_	_
14	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	15	nsubj	_	_
15	dwelt	dwell	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	acl:relcl	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	shadow	shadow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	death	death	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	_
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
25	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	30	obl	_	_
27	hath	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	30	aux	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	nsubj	_	_
30	shined	shin	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	8	parataxis	_	_
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: pos
- teacher: changed voice=narrator

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **walk** | past | the people |  |  | darkness |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in darkness=Trajectory |
| 2 | **see** | present · perfect | the people | a great light |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer light=Stimulus |
| 3 | **dwell** | past |  |  |  | the land of the shadow of death |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in land=Location |
| 4 | **shin** | present · perfect | people |  |  |  |  | upon them *= they* | tree rules |
| 5 | **shadow** |  |  | death |  |  |  |  | nom shadow «state transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
הָעָם֙ הַהֹלְכִ֣ים בַּחֹ֔שֶׁךְ רָא֖וּ א֣וֹר גָּד֑וֹל יֹשְׁבֵי֙ בְּאֶ֣רֶץ צַלְמָ֔וֶת א֖וֹר נָגַ֥הּ עֲלֵיהֶֽם׃

[Isaiah 9:1: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.9.1/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:ISA:187` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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