---
title: Isaiah 18:1 (JPS 1917) — Ah, land of the buzzing of wings, which is beyond the rivers of Ethi… · tree and pragmatics
description: Ah, land of the buzzing of wings, which is beyond the rivers of Ethiopia; Who acts: wings. Isaiah 18:1 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Isaiah 18:1 · JPS 1917

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Ah, land of the buzzing of wings, which is beyond the rivers of Ethiopia;

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**Who acts:** wings · **What happens:** be

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This is Isaiah 18:1 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (wings), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:ISA:375
# text = Ah, land of the buzzing of wings, which is beyond the rivers of Ethiopia;
1	Ah	ah	INTJ	UH	_	3	discourse	_	_
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	buzzing	buzzing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	wings	wing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
10	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	14	nsubj	_	_
11	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
12	beyond	beyond	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	rivers	river	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	acl:relcl	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	Ethiopia	Ethiopia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	_
17	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | wings |  |  |  |  | beyond the rivers; of Ethiopia | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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ה֥וֹי אֶ֖רֶץ צִלְצַ֣ל כְּנָפָ֑יִם אֲשֶׁ֥ר מֵעֵ֖בֶר לְנַֽהֲרֵי־כֽוּשׁ׃

[Isaiah 18:1: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.18.1/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:ISA:375` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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