---
title: Isaiah 2:15 (JPS 1917) — And upon every lofty tower, and upon every fortified wall; · tree and pragmatics
description: And upon every lofty tower, and upon every fortified wall; Isaiah 2:15 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Isaiah 2:15 · JPS 1917

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And upon every lofty tower, and upon every fortified wall;

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**What happens:** fortify

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This is Isaiah 2:15 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:ISA:47
# text = And upon every lofty tower, and upon every fortified wall;
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
2	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	5	det	_	_
4	lofty	lofty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	tower	tower	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
8	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	11	det	_	_
10	fortified	fortify	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	amod	_	_
11	wall	wall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
12	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: fragment
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed form=frag

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fortify** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn equip-13.4.2-1-1 «NP.theme V NP»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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וְעַ֖ל כָּל־מִגְדָּ֣ל גָּבֹ֑הַוְעַ֖ל כָּל־חוֹמָ֥ה בְצוּרָֽה׃

[Isaiah 2:15: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.2.15/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:ISA:47` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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