---
title: Isaiah 24:5 (JPS 1917) — The earth also is defiled under the inhabitants thereof; because the… · tree and pragmatics
description: The earth also is defiled under the inhabitants thereof; because they have transgressed the laws, violated the statute, broken the everlasting covenant. Who acts: people. Isaiah 24:5 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Isaiah 24:5 · JPS 1917

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The earth also is defiled under the inhabitants thereof; because they have transgressed the laws, violated the statute, broken the everlasting covenant.

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**Who acts:** people · **What happens:** defile, transgress, violate, break · **To what, where:** earth, inhabitants, laws, statute, everlasting covenant

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This is Isaiah 24:5 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:ISA:491
# text = The earth also is defiled under the inhabitants thereof; because they have transgressed the laws, violated the statute, broken the everlasting covenant.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	earth	earth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	also	also	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	defiled	defile	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	under	under	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	inhabitants	inhabitant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
9	thereof	thereof	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
10	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
11	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
12	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
13	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
14	transgressed	transgress	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	laws	law	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	_
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
18	violated	violate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	14	conj	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	statute	statute	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	_
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
22	broken	break	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	14	conj	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
24	everlasting	everlasting	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	covenant	covenant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	_
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: neg
- teacher: changed polarity=neg

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **defile** | present · passive |  | the earth |  | the inhabitants |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **transgress** | present · perfect | people | the laws |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **violate** | participle | people *not said here* | the statute |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **break** | participle | people *not said here* | the everlasting covenant |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer covenant=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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וְהָאָ֥רֶץ חָנְפָ֖ה תַּ֣חַת יֹשְׁבֶ֑יהָ כִּֽי־עָבְר֤וּ תוֹרֹת֙ חָ֣לְפוּ חֹ֔ק הֵפֵ֖רוּ בְּרִ֥ית עוֹלָֽם׃

[Isaiah 24:5: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.24.5/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:ISA:491` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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