---
title: Isaiah 25:2 (JPS 1917) — For Thou hast made of a city a heap, of a fortified city a ruin; a c… · tree and pragmatics
description: For Thou hast made of a city a heap, of a fortified city a ruin; a castle of strangers to be no city, it shall never be built. Who acts: Thou. Isaiah 25:2 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ISA.512/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Isaiah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/) / [chapter 25](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/25/) / [25:2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.25.2/) / JPS 1

# Isaiah 25:2 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
For Thou hast made of a city a heap, of a fortified city a ruin; a castle of strangers to be no city, it shall never be built.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Thou · **What happens:** make, fortify, be, not build · **To what, where:** heap, city, castle

<!-- .vabout -->
This is Isaiah 25:2 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Thou), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:ISA:512
# text = For Thou hast made of a city a heap, of a fortified city a ruin; a castle of strangers to be no city, it shall never be built.
1	For	for	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
2	Thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	4	nsubj	_	_
3	hast	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	31	advcl	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	heap	heap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	fortified	fortify	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	amod	_	_
14	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	ruin	ruin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
17	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	19	punct	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	castle	castle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	nsubj:pass	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	strangers	stranger	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nmod	_	_
22	to	to	PART	TO	_	25	mark	_	_
23	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	25	cop	_	_
24	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	25	det	_	_
25	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	acl	_	_
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
27	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	31	nsubj:pass	_	_
28	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	31	aux	_	_
29	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	31	advmod	_	_
30	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	31	aux:pass	_	_
31	built	build	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	31	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: character
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed act=assert, voice=character

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · perfect | Thou | a heap |  |  |  | of a city; of a fortified city | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP NP»: agent=Asset heap=Beneficiary ruin=Product |
| 2 | **fortify** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn equip-13.4.2-1-1 «NP.theme V NP»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **is a** | to-infinitive |  | no city |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **not** **build** | shall · passive |  | a castle of strangers |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
כִּ֣י שַׂ֤מְתָּ מֵעִיר֙ לַגָּ֔ל קִרְיָ֥ה בְצוּרָ֖ה לְמַפֵּלָ֑ה אַרְמ֤וֹן זָרִים֙ מֵעִ֔יר לְעוֹלָ֖ם לֹ֥א יִבָּנֶֽה׃

[Isaiah 25:2: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.25.2/)

<!-- div src -->

**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:ISA:512` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [Isaiah 25:1 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ISA.511/)
- next →: [Isaiah 25:3 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ISA.513/)
- ↑ back to [Isaiah 25:2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.25.2/)