--- title: Isaiah 31:1 (JPS 1917) — Woe to them that go down to Egypt for help, and rely on horses, and… · tree and pragmatics description: Woe to them that go down to Egypt for help, and rely on horses, and trust in chariots, because they are many, and in horsemen, because they are exceeding mighty; but they look not unto the Holy One of Israel, neither seek the LORD! Who acts: Woe, chariots. Isaiah 31:1 in JPS 1917 with its dependency --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ISA.652/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Isaiah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/) / [chapter 31](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/31/) / [31:1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.31.1/) / JPS 1 # Isaiah 31:1 · JPS 1917 Woe to them that go down to Egypt for help, and rely on horses, and trust in chariots, because they are many, and in horsemen, because they are exceeding mighty; but they look not unto the Holy One of Israel, neither seek the LORD! **Who acts:** Woe, chariots · **What happens:** go down, rely, trust, be, not look, seek · **To what, where:** Egypt, chariots, LORD This is Isaiah 31:1 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Woe, chariots), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = jps:ISA:652 # text = Woe to them that go down to Egypt for help, and rely on horses, and trust in chariots, because they are many, and in horsemen, because they are exceeding mighty; but they look not unto the Holy One of Israel, neither seek the LORD! 1 Woe woe NOUN NN Number=Sing 0 root _ _ 2 to to ADP IN _ 3 case _ _ 3 them they PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 1 nmod _ _ 4 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 5 nsubj _ _ 5 go go VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 1 acl:relcl _ _ 6 down down ADV RB _ 5 advmod _ _ 7 to to ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 8 Egypt Egypt PROPN NNP Number=Sing 5 obl _ _ 9 for for ADP IN _ 10 case _ _ 10 help help NOUN NN Number=Sing 5 obl _ _ 11 , , PUNCT , _ 13 punct _ _ 12 and and CCONJ CC _ 13 cc _ _ 13 rely rely VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 conj _ _ 14 on on ADP IN _ 15 case _ _ 15 horses horse NOUN NNS Number=Plur 13 obl _ _ 16 , , PUNCT , _ 18 punct _ _ 17 and and CCONJ CC _ 18 cc _ _ 18 trust trust VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 5 conj _ _ 19 in in ADP IN _ 20 case _ _ 20 chariots chariot NOUN NNS Number=Plur 18 obl _ _ 21 , , PUNCT , _ 25 punct _ _ 22 because because SCONJ IN _ 25 mark _ _ 23 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 25 nsubj _ _ 24 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 25 cop _ _ 25 many many ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 18 advcl _ _ 26 , , PUNCT , _ 29 punct _ _ 27 and and CCONJ CC _ 29 cc _ _ 28 in in ADP IN _ 29 case _ _ 29 horsemen horseman NOUN NNS Number=Plur 20 conj _ _ 30 , , PUNCT , _ 34 punct _ _ 31 because because SCONJ IN _ 34 mark _ _ 32 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 34 nsubj _ _ 33 are be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 34 cop _ _ 34 exceeding exceed ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 29 advcl _ _ 35 mighty mighty ADV RB Degree=Pos 34 advmod _ _ 36 ; ; PUNCT : _ 39 punct _ _ 37 but but CCONJ CC _ 39 cc _ _ 38 they they PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 39 nsubj _ _ 39 look look VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 1 conj _ _ 40 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 39 advmod _ _ 41 unto unto ADP IN _ 44 case _ _ 42 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 44 det _ _ 43 Holy Holy PROPN NNP Number=Sing 44 flat _ _ 44 One One PROPN NNP Number=Sing 39 obl _ _ 45 of of ADP IN _ 46 case _ _ 46 Israel Israel PROPN NNP Number=Sing 44 nmod _ _ 47 , , PUNCT , _ 49 punct _ _ 48 neither neither CCONJ CC Polarity=Neg 49 cc _ _ 49 seek seek VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 39 conj _ _ 50 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 51 det _ _ 51 LORD LORD PROPN NNP Number=Sing 49 obj _ _ 52 ! ! PUNCT . _ 1 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: exclamation - act: express - voice: narrator - polarity: neg - teacher: changed act=express | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **go down** | present | Woe to them | | Egypt | | | for help; down *property* | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute | | 2 | **rely** | present | Woe to them *not said here* | | | | | on horses | vn rely-70 «NP V PP.theme S\_ING»: agent=Agent on horse=Theme | | 3 | **trust** | present | Woe to them *not said here* | | | chariots and horsemen | | | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent | | 4 | **is** | present | chariots *= chariot* | | | | | many *property* | tree rules | | 5 | **is** | present | chariots *= chariot* | | | | | exceed, mighty *property* | tree rules | | 6 | **not** **look** | present | chariots *= chariot* | | | | | unto the Holy One of Israel | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus | | 7 | **seek** | present | chariots *= chariot* *not said here* | the LORD | | | | | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lord=Theme | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. ## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew} ה֣וֹי הַיֹּרְדִ֤ים מִצְרַ֙יִם֙ לְעֶזְרָ֔ה עַל־סוּסִ֖ים יִשָּׁעֵ֑נוּ וַיִּבְטְח֨וּ עַל־רֶ֜כֶב כִּ֣י רָ֗ב וְעַ֤ל פָּֽרָשִׁים֙ כִּֽי־עָצְמ֣וּ מְאֹ֔ד וְלֹ֤א שָׁעוּ֙ עַל־קְד֣וֹשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְאֶת־יְהוָ֖ה לֹ֥א דָרָֽשׁוּ׃ [Isaiah 31:1: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.31.1/) **Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:ISA:652` of Mova's parse database. **The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter. - ← previous: [Isaiah 30:33 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ISA.651/) - next →: [Isaiah 31:2 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ISA.653/) - ↑ back to [Isaiah 31:1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.31.1/)