---
title: Isaiah 31:3 (JPS 1917) — Now the Egyptians are men, and not God, and their horses flesh, and… · tree and pragmatics
description: Now the Egyptians are men, and not God, and their horses flesh, and not spirit; so when the LORD shall stretch out His hand, both he that helpeth shall stumble, and he that is helped shall fall, and they all shall perish together. Who acts: Egyptians, horses, LORD. Isaiah 31:3 in JPS 1917 with its d
---

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# Isaiah 31:3 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Now the Egyptians are men, and not God, and their horses flesh, and not spirit; so when the LORD shall stretch out His hand, both he that helpeth shall stumble, and he that is helped shall fall, and they all shall perish together.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Egyptians, horses, LORD · **What happens:** be, flesh, stretch out, help, stumble, fall · **To what, where:** men, hand

<!-- .vabout -->
This is Isaiah 31:3 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Egyptians, horses, LORD), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:ISA:654
# text = Now the Egyptians are men, and not God, and their horses flesh, and not spirit; so when the LORD shall stretch out His hand, both he that helpeth shall stumble, and he that is helped shall fall, and they all shall perish together.
1	Now	now	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	Egyptians	Egyptian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	God	God	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
12	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	horses	horse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	nsubj	_	_
14	flesh	flesh	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
17	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	18	advmod	_	_
18	spirit	spirit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	_
19	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	35	punct	_	_
20	so	so	ADV	RB	_	35	advmod	_	_
21	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	25	mark	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	LORD	LORD	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	nsubj	_	_
24	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	25	aux	_	_
25	stretch	stretch	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	35	advcl	_	_
26	out	out	ADP	RP	_	25	compound:prt	_	_
27	His	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	28	nmod:poss	_	_
28	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obj	_	_
29	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
30	both	both	CCONJ	CC	_	31	cc:preconj	_	_
31	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	35	nsubj	_	_
32	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	33	nsubj	_	_
33	helpeth	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	31	acl:relcl	_	_
34	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	35	aux	_	_
35	stumble	stumble	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
36	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	43	punct	_	_
37	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	43	cc	_	_
38	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	43	nsubj	_	_
39	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	41	nsubj:pass	_	_
40	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	41	aux:pass	_	_
41	helped	help	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	38	acl:relcl	_	_
42	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	43	aux	_	_
43	fall	fall	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	35	conj	_	_
44	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	49	punct	_	_
45	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	49	cc	_	_
46	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	49	nsubj	_	_
47	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	46	det	_	_
48	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	49	aux	_	_
49	perish	perish	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	43	conj	_	_
50	together	together	ADV	RB	_	49	advmod	_	_
51	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the Egyptians | men and God and flesh and spirit |  |  | now |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **flesh** |  | Egyptians's horses |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **stretch out** | shall | the LORD | LORD's hand |  |  |  |  | vn bend-45.2 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent hand=Patient |
| 4 | **help** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **stumble** | shall | LORD |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 6 | **help** | present · passive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Beneficiary |
| 7 | **fall** | shall | LORD |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 8 | **perish** | shall | horses *= horse* |  |  |  |  | together *property* | vn break\_down-45.8 «NP V»: agent=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וּמִצְרַ֤יִם אָדָם֙ וְֽלֹא־אֵ֔ל וְסוּסֵיהֶ֥ם בָּשָׂ֖ר וְלֹא־ר֑וּחַ וַֽיהוָ֞ה יַטֶּ֣ה יָד֗וֹ וְכָשַׁ֤ל עוֹזֵר֙ וְנָפַ֣ל עָזֻ֔ר וְיַחְדָּ֖ו כֻּלָּ֥ם יִכְלָיֽוּן׃ס

[Isaiah 31:3: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.31.3/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:ISA:654` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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