---
title: Isaiah 40:4 (JPS 1917) — Every valley shall be lifted up, and every mountain and hill shall b… · tree and pragmatics
description: Every valley shall be lifted up, and every mountain and hill shall be made low; and the rugged shall be made level, and the rough places a plain; Isaiah 40:4 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ISA.839/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Isaiah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/) / [chapter 40](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA/40/) / [40:4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.40.4/) / JPS 1

# Isaiah 40:4 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Every valley shall be lifted up, and every mountain and hill shall be made low; and the rugged shall be made level, and the rough places a plain;

<!-- .vintro -->
**What happens:** lift up, make · **To what, where:** valley, mountain, rugged

<!-- .vabout -->
This is Isaiah 40:4 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:ISA:839
# text = Every valley shall be lifted up, and every mountain and hill shall be made low; and the rugged shall be made level, and the rough places a plain;
1	Every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	lifted	lift	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	up	up	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	_
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
9	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	10	det	_	_
10	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj:pass	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	hill	hill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
13	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	15	aux	_	_
14	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	aux:pass	_	_
15	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	conj	_	_
16	low	low	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	xcomp	_	_
17	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	23	punct	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	rugged	rugged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	nsubj:pass	_	_
21	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	23	aux	_	_
22	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	23	aux:pass	_	_
23	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	conj	_	_
24	level	level	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	xcomp	_	_
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
28	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	places	place	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	nsubj:pass	_	_
30	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
31	plain	plain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	xcomp	_	_
32	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: narrate
- voice: character
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed voice=character

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lift up** | shall · passive |  | every valley |  |  |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **make** | shall · passive |  | every mountain and hill |  |  |  | low *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |
| 3 | **make** | shall · passive |  | the rugged |  |  |  | level *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
כָּל־גֶּיא֙ יִנָּשֵׂ֔א וְכָל־הַ֥ר וְגִבְעָ֖ה יִשְׁפָּ֑לוּ וְהָיָ֤ה הֶֽעָקֹב֙ לְמִישׁ֔וֹר וְהָרְכָסִ֖ים לְבִקְעָֽה׃

[Isaiah 40:4: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.40.4/)

<!-- div src -->

**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:ISA:839` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [Isaiah 40:3 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ISA.838/)
- next →: [Isaiah 40:5 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/ISA.840/)
- ↑ back to [Isaiah 40:4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/ISA.40.4/)