---
title: Judges 20:12 (JPS 1917) — And the tribes of Israel sent men through all the tribe of Benjamin,… · tree and pragmatics
description: And the tribes of Israel sent men through all the tribe of Benjamin, saying: 'What wickedness is this that is come to pass among you? Who acts: tribes, this. Judges 20:12 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Judges 20:12 · JPS 1917

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And the tribes of Israel sent men through all the tribe of Benjamin, saying: 'What wickedness is this that is come to pass among you?

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**Who acts:** tribes, this · **What happens:** send, say, be, come, pass · **To what, where:** men, tribe, wickedness · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is Judges 20:12 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (tribes, this), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:JDG:591
# text = And the tribes of Israel sent men through all the tribe of Benjamin, saying: 'What wickedness is this that is come to pass among you?
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	tribes	tribe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Israel	Israel	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	sent	send	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
8	through	through	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	11	det:predet	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	tribe	tribe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	Benjamin	Benjamin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	saying	say	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	advcl	_	_
16	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	19	punct	_	_
17	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	19	punct	_	_
18	What	what	DET	WDT	PronType=Int	19	det	_	_
19	wickedness	wickedness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	ccomp	_	_
20	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	cop	_	_
21	this	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	19	nsubj	_	_
22	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	24	nsubj	_	_
23	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	24	aux	_	_
24	come	come	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	21	acl:relcl	_	_
25	to	to	PART	TO	_	26	mark	_	_
26	pass	pass	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	24	xcomp	_	_
27	among	among	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	26	obl	_	_
29	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	19	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: wh-question
- act: ask
- voice: character
- polarity: neg
- teacher: changed polarity=neg

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **send** | past | the tribes of Israel | men |  | all tribe of Benjamin |  |  | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent man=Theme |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund | the tribes of Israel *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is a** | present | this | what wickedness |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **come** | present · passive |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **pass** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | among you | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme among you=Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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וַֽיִּשְׁלְח֞וּ שִׁבְטֵ֤י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ אֲנָשִׁ֔ים בְּכָל־שִׁבְטֵ֥י בִנְיָמִ֖ן לֵאמֹ֑ר מָ֚ה הָרָעָ֣ה הַזֹּ֔את אֲשֶׁ֥ר נִהְיְתָ֖ה בָּכֶֽם׃

[Judges 20:12: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JDG.20.12/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:JDG:591` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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