---
title: Judges 20:34 (JPS 1917) — And there came over against Gibeah ten thousand chosen men out of al… · tree and pragmatics
description: And there came over against Gibeah ten thousand chosen men out of all Israel, and the battle was sore; but they knew not that evil was close upon them. Who acts: thousand chosen men, battle, children, evil. Judges 20:34 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Judges 20:34 · JPS 1917

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And there came over against Gibeah ten thousand chosen men out of all Israel, and the battle was sore; but they knew not that evil was close upon them.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** thousand chosen men, battle, children, evil · **What happens:** come over, choose, be, not know · **To what, where:** Gibeah · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is Judges 20:34 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (thousand chosen men, battle, children, evil), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:JDG:613
# text = And there came over against Gibeah ten thousand chosen men out of all Israel, and the battle was sore; but they knew not that evil was close upon them.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	3	expl	_	_
3	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	over	over	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
5	against	against	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Gibeah	Gibeah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	ten	ten	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	thousand	thousand	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	nummod	_	_
9	chosen	choose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	amod	_	_
10	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
11	out	out	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	14	det	_	_
14	Israel	Israel	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	battle	battle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nsubj	_	_
19	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	20	cop	_	_
20	sore	sore	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	_
21	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	24	punct	_	_
22	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
23	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj	_	_
24	knew	know	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
25	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	24	advmod	_	_
26	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	29	mark	_	_
27	evil	evil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	nsubj	_	_
28	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	29	cop	_	_
29	close	close	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	ccomp	_	_
30	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
31	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	29	obl	_	_
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: narrate
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed voice=narrator

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come over** | past | thousand chosen men out all Israel |  |  | Gibeah; there |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme against gibeah=Location |
| 2 | **choose** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is** | past | the battle |  |  |  |  | sore *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **not** **know** | past | children *= child* |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 5 | **is** | past | evil |  |  |  |  | upon children *= child*; close *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וַיָּבֹאוּ֩ מִנֶּ֨גֶד לַגִּבְעָ֜ה עֲשֶׂרֶת֩ אֲלָפִ֨ים אִ֤ישׁ בָּחוּר֙ מִכָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְהַמִּלְחָמָ֖ה כָּבֵ֑דָה וְהֵם֙ לֹ֣א יָדְע֔וּ כִּֽי־נֹגַ֥עַת עֲלֵיהֶ֖ם הָרָעָֽה׃פ

[Judges 20:34: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JDG.20.34/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:JDG:613` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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