---
title: Jeremiah 4:13 (JPS 1917) — Behold, he cometh up as clouds, and his chariots are as the whirlwin… · tree and pragmatics
description: Behold, he cometh up as clouds, and his chariots are as the whirlwind; his horses are swifter than eagles. — 'Woe unto us! for we are undone.' — Who acts: wind, chariots, horses. Jeremiah 4:13 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Jeremiah 4:13 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Behold, he cometh up as clouds, and his chariots are as the whirlwind; his horses are swifter than eagles. — 'Woe unto us! for we are undone.' —

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**Who acts:** wind, chariots, horses · **What happens:** come up, be, undo · **To what, where:** we

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This is Jeremiah 4:13 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (wind, chariots, horses), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:JER:110
# text = Behold, he cometh up as clouds, and his chariots are as the whirlwind; his horses are swifter than eagles. — 'Woe unto us! for we are undone.' —
1	Behold	behold	INTJ	UH	_	4	discourse	_	_
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	cometh	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	up	up	ADP	RP	_	4	compound:prt	_	_
6	as	as	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	clouds	cloud	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
10	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	chariots	chariot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nsubj	_	_
12	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
13	as	as	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	whirlwind	whirlwind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
16	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	20	punct	_	_
17	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	18	nmod:poss	_	_
18	horses	horse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	nsubj	_	_
19	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	cop	_	_
20	swifter	swift	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	parataxis	_	_
21	than	than	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	eagles	eagle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obl	_	_
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
24	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	26	punct	_	_
25	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	26	punct	_	_
26	Woe	woe	INTJ	UH	_	4	parataxis	_	_
27	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	26	obl	_	_
29	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	26	punct	_	_
30	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	33	mark	_	_
31	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	33	nsubj:pass	_	_
32	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	33	aux:pass	_	_
33	undone	undo	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	26	advcl	_	_
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
35	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
36	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: express
- voice: character
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed polarity=none

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come up** | present | wind |  |  |  |  | as clouds | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present | wind's chariots |  |  |  |  | as the whirlwind | tree rules |
| 3 | **is** | present | wind's horses |  |  |  |  | than eagles; swift *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **undo** | present · passive |  | we |  |  |  |  | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
הִנֵּ֣ה ׀ כַּעֲנָנִ֣ים יַעֲלֶ֗ה וְכַסּוּפָה֙ מַרְכְּבוֹתָ֔יו קַלּ֥וּ מִנְּשָׁרִ֖ים סוּסָ֑יו א֥וֹי לָ֖נוּ כִּ֥י שֻׁדָּֽדְנוּ׃

[Jeremiah 4:13: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.4.13/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:JER:110` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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