---
title: Jeremiah 46:16 (JPS 1917) — He made many to stumble; yea, they fell one upon another, and said:… · tree and pragmatics
description: He made many to stumble; yea, they fell one upon another, and said: 'Arise, and let us return to our own people, and to the land of our birth, from the oppressing sword.' Who acts: LORD, many, Noph, us. Jeremiah 46:16 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Jeremiah 46:16 · JPS 1917

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He made many to stumble; yea, they fell one upon another, and said: 'Arise, and let us return to our own people, and to the land of our birth, from the oppressing sword.'

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**Who acts:** LORD, many, Noph, us · **What happens:** make, stumble, fall, say, arise, let · **To what, where:** many, one, us, oppressing sword · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is Jeremiah 46:16 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (LORD, many, Noph, us), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:JER:1214
# text = He made many to stumble; yea, they fell one upon another, and said: 'Arise, and let us return to our own people, and to the land of our birth, from the oppressing sword.'
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	many	many	PRON	NN	Number=Plur|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	stumble	stumble	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
6	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
7	yea	yea	INTJ	UH	_	10	discourse	_	_
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
9	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
11	one	one	PRON	CD	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	10	obj	_	_
12	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	another	another	PRON	DT	PronType=Rcp	10	obl	_	_
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	conj	_	_
17	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	19	punct	_	_
18	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	19	punct	_	_
19	Arise	arise	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	ccomp	_	_
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
22	let	let	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	19	conj	_	_
23	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	22	obj	_	_
24	return	return	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	22	xcomp	_	_
25	to	to	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
26	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	28	nmod:poss	_	_
27	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	amod	_	_
28	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	obl	_	_
29	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
30	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	33	cc	_	_
31	to	to	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
32	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
33	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	conj	_	_
34	of	of	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
35	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	36	nmod:poss	_	_
36	birth	birth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	nmod	_	_
37	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	41	punct	_	_
38	from	from	ADP	IN	_	41	case	_	_
39	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	41	det	_	_
40	oppressing	oppress	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	41	amod	_	_
41	sword	sword	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	_
42	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	19	punct	_	_
43	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	19	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: command
- act: request
- voice: character
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | LORD | many |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **stumble** | to-infinitive | many *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **fall** | past | Noph | one |  |  |  | upon another | vn become-109.1-1 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Patient one=Result |
| 4 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Noph *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 5 | **arise** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 6 | **let** | infinitive |  | us |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 7 | **return** | infinitive | us *not said here* |  |  | the oppressing sword |  | to our own people and the land of our birth *result* | vn convert-26.6.2-1 «NP V PP.source PP.goal»: agent=Patient to people=Result from sword=Initial\_State |
| 8 | **oppress** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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הִרְבָּ֖ה כּוֹשֵׁ֑ל גַּם־נָפַ֞ל אִ֣ישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵ֗הוּ וַיֹּֽאמְרוּ֙ ק֣וּמָה ׀ וְנָשֻׁ֣בָה אֶל־עַמֵּ֗נוּ וְאֶל־אֶ֙רֶץ֙ מֽוֹלַדְתֵּ֔נוּ מִפְּנֵ֖י חֶ֥רֶב הַיּוֹנָֽה׃

[Jeremiah 46:16: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.46.16/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:JER:1214` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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- ↑ back to [Jeremiah 46:16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.46.16/)