---
title: Jeremiah 4:25 (JPS 1917) — I beheld, and, lo, there was no man, and all the birds of the heaven… · tree and pragmatics
description: I beheld, and, lo, there was no man, and all the birds of the heavens were fled. Who acts: I, man. Jeremiah 4:25 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Jeremiah 4:25 · JPS 1917

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I beheld, and, lo, there was no man, and all the birds of the heavens were fled.

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**Who acts:** I, man · **What happens:** behold, be, flee · **To what, where:** birds

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This is Jeremiah 4:25 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (I, man), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:JER:127
# text = I beheld, and, lo, there was no man, and all the birds of the heavens were fled.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	beheld	behold	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	lo	lo	INTJ	UH	_	9	discourse	_	_
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
8	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	9	expl	_	_
9	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
10	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	11	det	_	_
11	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
14	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	16	det:predet	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	birds	bird	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	nsubj:pass	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	heavens	heaven	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nmod	_	_
20	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	aux:pass	_	_
21	fled	flee	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	conj	_	_
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **behold** | past | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn sight-30.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **be** | past | no man |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **flee** | past · passive |  | all birds of the heavens |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Initial\_Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
רָאִ֕יתִי וְהִנֵּ֖ה אֵ֣ין הָאָדָ֑ם וְכָל־ע֥וֹף הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם נָדָֽדוּ׃

[Jeremiah 4:25: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.4.25/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:JER:127` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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