---
title: Jeremiah 25:18 (JPS 1917) — Jerusalem, and the cities of Judah, and the kings thereof, and the p… · tree and pragmatics
description: Jerusalem, and the cities of Judah, and the kings thereof, and the princes thereof, to make them an appalment, an astonishment, a hissing, and a curse; as it is this day; Who acts: curse. Jeremiah 25:18 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Jeremiah 25:18 · JPS 1917

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Jerusalem, and the cities of Judah, and the kings thereof, and the princes thereof, to make them an appalment, an astonishment, a hissing, and a curse; as it is this day;

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**Who acts:** curse · **What happens:** make, be · **To what, where:** nations, day

<!-- .vabout -->
This is Jeremiah 25:18 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (curse), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:JER:689
# text = Jerusalem, and the cities of Judah, and the kings thereof, and the princes thereof, to make them an appalment, an astonishment, a hissing, and a curse; as it is this day;
1	Jerusalem	Jerusalem	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	cities	city	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Judah	Judah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	kings	king	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	_
12	thereof	thereof	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	princes	prince	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	_
17	thereof	thereof	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
19	to	to	PART	TO	_	20	mark	_	_
20	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	acl	_	_
21	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	obj	_	_
22	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	appalment	appalment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	_
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
25	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	astonishment	astonishment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	conj	_	_
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
28	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	hissing	hissing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	conj	_	_
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
31	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	33	cc	_	_
32	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
33	curse	curse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	conj	_	_
34	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	39	punct	_	_
35	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	39	mark	_	_
36	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	39	nsubj	_	_
37	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	39	cop	_	_
38	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	39	det	_	_
39	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	advcl	_	_
40	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	20	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: character
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed voice=character

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | to-infinitive |  | nations *= nation* |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP NP»: agent=Asset they=Beneficiary appalment=Product |
| 2 | **is a** | present | curse | this day |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
אֶת־יְרוּשָׁלִַ֙ם֙ וְאֶת־עָרֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה וְאֶת־מְלָכֶ֖יהָ אֶת־שָׂרֶ֑יהָ לָתֵ֨ת אֹתָ֜ם לְחָרְבָּ֧ה לְשַׁמָּ֛ה לִשְׁרֵקָ֥ה וְלִקְלָלָ֖ה כַּיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה׃

[Jeremiah 25:18: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JER.25.18/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:JER:689` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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