---
title: Joel 2:2 (JPS 1917) — A day of darkness and gloominess, a day of clouds and thick darkness… · tree and pragmatics
description: A day of darkness and gloominess, a day of clouds and thick darkness, as blackness spread upon the mountains; a great people and a mighty, there hath not been ever the like, neither shall be any more after them, even to the years of many generations. Who acts: blackness. Joel 2:2 in JPS 1917 with it
---

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# Joel 2:2 · JPS 1917

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A day of darkness and gloominess, a day of clouds and thick darkness, as blackness spread upon the mountains; a great people and a mighty, there hath not been ever the like, neither shall be any more after them, even to the years of many generations.

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**Who acts:** blackness · **What happens:** spread, be · **To what, where:** mountains

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This is Joel 2:2 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (blackness), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:JOL:22
# text = A day of darkness and gloominess, a day of clouds and thick darkness, as blackness spread upon the mountains; a great people and a mighty, there hath not been ever the like, neither shall be any more after them, even to the years of many generations.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	darkness	darkness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	gloominess	gloominess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	clouds	cloud	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	thick	thick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	darkness	darkness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
16	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	18	mark	_	_
17	blackness	blackness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
18	spread	spread	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
19	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	mountains	mountain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obl	_	_
22	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	25	punct	_	_
23	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
24	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	33	nsubj	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
27	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	mighty	mighty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	conj	_	_
29	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
30	there	there	PRON	EX	_	33	expl	_	_
31	hath	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	33	aux	_	_
32	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	33	advmod	_	_
33	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
34	ever	ever	ADV	RB	_	36	advmod	_	_
35	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
36	like	like	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	obj	_	_
37	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	42	punct	_	_
38	neither	neither	CCONJ	CC	Polarity=Neg	42	cc	_	_
39	shall	shall	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	42	aux	_	_
40	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	42	cop	_	_
41	any	any	ADV	RB	_	42	advmod	_	_
42	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	33	conj	_	_
43	after	after	ADP	IN	_	44	case	_	_
44	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	42	obl	_	_
45	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	49	punct	_	_
46	even	even	ADV	RB	_	49	advmod	_	_
47	to	to	ADP	IN	_	49	case	_	_
48	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	49	det	_	_
49	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	42	obl	_	_
50	of	of	ADP	IN	_	52	case	_	_
51	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	52	amod	_	_
52	generations	generation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	49	nmod	_	_
53	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	33	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: character
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed voice=character

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spread** | past | blackness |  |  | the mountains |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme upon mountain=Location |
| 2 | **is** | shall |  |  |  |  | after people; year | any, more *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
י֧וֹם חֹ֣שֶׁךְ וַאֲפֵלָ֗ה י֤וֹם עָנָן֙ וַעֲרָפֶ֔ל כְּשַׁ֖חַר פָּרֻ֣שׂ עַל־הֶֽהָרִ֑ים עַ֚ם רַ֣ב וְעָצ֔וּם כָּמֹ֗הוּ לֹ֤א נִֽהְיָה֙ מִן־הָ֣עוֹלָ֔ם וְאַֽחֲרָיו֙ לֹ֣א יוֹסֵ֔ף עַד־שְׁנֵ֖י דּ֥וֹר וָדֽוֹר׃

[Joel 2:2: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOL.2.2/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:JOL:22` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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