--- title: Joel 1:4 (JPS 1917) — That which the palmer-worm hath left hath the locust eaten; and that… · tree and pragmatics description: That which the palmer-worm hath left hath the locust eaten; and that which the locust hath left hath the canker-worm eaten; and that which the canker-worm hath left hath the caterpiller eaten. Who acts: palmer worm, locust, canker worm, caterpiller. Joel 1:4 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOL.4/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Joel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOL/) / [chapter 1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOL/1/) / [1:4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOL.1.4/) / JPS 1 # Joel 1:4 · JPS 1917 That which the palmer-worm hath left hath the locust eaten; and that which the locust hath left hath the canker-worm eaten; and that which the canker-worm hath left hath the caterpiller eaten. **Who acts:** palmer worm, locust, canker worm, caterpiller · **What happens:** leave, eat · **To what, where:** That This is Joel 1:4 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (palmer worm, locust, canker worm, caterpiller), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = jps:JOL:4 # text = That which the palmer-worm hath left hath the locust eaten; and that which the locust hath left hath the canker-worm eaten; and that which the canker-worm hath left hath the caterpiller eaten. 1 That that PRON DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 12 obj _ _ 2 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 8 obj _ _ 3 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 6 det _ _ 4 palmer palmer NOUN NN Number=Sing 6 compound _ _ 5 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 4 punct _ _ 6 worm worm NOUN NN Number=Sing 8 nsubj _ _ 7 hath have AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 8 aux _ _ 8 left leave VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 1 acl:relcl _ _ 9 hath have AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 12 aux _ _ 10 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 11 det _ _ 11 locust locust NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 nsubj _ _ 12 eaten eat VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 0 root _ _ 13 ; ; PUNCT : _ 26 punct _ _ 14 and and CCONJ CC _ 26 cc _ _ 15 that that PRON DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 26 obj _ _ 16 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 20 obj _ _ 17 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 18 det _ _ 18 locust locust NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 nsubj _ _ 19 hath have AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 20 aux _ _ 20 left leave VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 15 acl:relcl _ _ 21 hath have AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 26 aux _ _ 22 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 25 det _ _ 23 canker canker NOUN NN Number=Sing 25 compound _ _ 24 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 23 punct _ _ 25 worm worm NOUN NN Number=Sing 26 nsubj _ _ 26 eaten eat VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 12 conj _ _ 27 ; ; PUNCT : _ 40 punct _ _ 28 and and CCONJ CC _ 40 cc _ _ 29 that that PRON DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 40 obj _ _ 30 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 36 obj _ _ 31 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 34 det _ _ 32 canker canker NOUN NN Number=Sing 34 compound _ _ 33 - - PUNCT HYPH _ 32 punct _ _ 34 worm worm NOUN NN Number=Sing 36 nsubj _ _ 35 hath have AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 36 aux _ _ 36 left leave VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 29 acl:relcl _ _ 37 hath have AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 40 aux _ _ 38 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 39 det _ _ 39 caterpiller caterpiller NOUN NN Number=Sing 40 nsubj _ _ 40 eaten eat VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 12 conj _ _ 41 . . PUNCT . _ 12 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **leave** | present · perfect | the palmer worm | | | | | | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent which=Theme | | 2 | **eat** | present · perfect | the locust | That | | | | | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent that=Patient | | 3 | **leave** | present · perfect | the locust | | | | | | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent which=Theme | | 4 | **eat** | present · perfect | the canker worm | that | | | | | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent that=Patient | | 5 | **leave** | present · perfect | the canker worm | | | | | | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent which=Theme | | 6 | **eat** | present · perfect | the caterpiller | that | | | | | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent that=Patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. ## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew} יֶ֤תֶר הַגָּזָם֙ אָכַ֣ל הָֽאַרְבֶּ֔ה וְיֶ֥תֶר הָאַרְבֶּ֖ה אָכַ֣ל הַיָּ֑לֶק וְיֶ֣תֶר הַיֶּ֔לֶק אָכַ֖ל הֶחָסִֽיל׃ [Joel 1:4: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOL.1.4/) **Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:JOL:4` of Mova's parse database. **The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter. - ← previous: [Joel 1:3 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOL.3/) - next →: [Joel 1:5 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOL.5/) - ↑ back to [Joel 1:4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOL.1.4/)