---
title: Joel 4:15 (JPS 1917) — The sun and the moon are become black, and the stars withdraw their… · tree and pragmatics
description: The sun and the moon are become black, and the stars withdraw their shining. Who acts: sun, stars. Joel 4:15 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Joel 4:15 · JPS 1917

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The sun and the moon are become black, and the stars withdraw their shining.

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**Who acts:** sun, stars · **What happens:** become, withdraw, shine · **To what, where:** shining

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This is Joel 4:15 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (sun, stars), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:JOL:68
# text = The sun and the moon are become black, and the stars withdraw their shining.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sun	sun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	moon	moon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	become	become	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
8	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	xcomp	_	_
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	stars	star	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
13	withdraw	withdraw	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
14	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	shining	shining	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: character
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed voice=character

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | present · passive | the sun and the moon |  |  |  |  | black *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **withdraw** | present | the stars | stars's shining |  |  |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shining=Theme |
| 3 | **shine** |  | stars *= star* |  |  |  |  |  | nom shining «act transitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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שֶׁ֥מֶשׁ וְיָרֵ֖חַ קָדָ֑רוּ וְכוֹכָבִ֖ים אָסְפ֥וּ נָגְהָֽם׃

[Joel 4:15: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOL.4.15/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:JOL:68` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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