---
title: Jonah 1:10 (JPS 1917) — Then were the men exceedingly afraid, and said unto him: 'What is th… · tree and pragmatics
description: Then were the men exceedingly afraid, and said unto him: 'What is this that thou hast done?' For the men knew that he fled from the presence of the LORD, because he had told them. Who acts: men, thou, man. Jonah 1:10 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Jonah 1:10 · JPS 1917

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Then were the men exceedingly afraid, and said unto him: 'What is this that thou hast done?' For the men knew that he fled from the presence of the LORD, because he had told them.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** men, thou, man · **What happens:** be, say, do, know, flee, tell · **To what, where:** this, presence, lots · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is Jonah 1:10 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (men, thou, man), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:JON:10
# text = Then were the men exceedingly afraid, and said unto him: 'What is this that thou hast done?' For the men knew that he fled from the presence of the LORD, because he had told them.
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	6	advmod	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
5	exceedingly	exceedingly	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	afraid	afraid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
10	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obl	_	_
12	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	16	punct	_	_
13	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	16	punct	_	_
14	What	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	16	nsubj	_	_
15	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
16	this	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	9	ccomp	_	_
17	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	20	obj	_	_
18	thou	thou	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch	20	nsubj	_	_
19	hast	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	aux	_	_
20	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	16	acl:relcl	_	_
21	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	16	punct	_	_
22	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	16	punct	_	_
23	For	for	SCONJ	IN	_	26	mark	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	nsubj	_	_
26	knew	know	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
27	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	29	mark	_	_
28	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	29	nsubj	_	_
29	fled	flee	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	26	ccomp	_	_
30	from	from	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	presence	presence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	_
33	of	of	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
34	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
35	LORD	LORD	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	32	nmod	_	_
36	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	40	punct	_	_
37	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	40	mark	_	_
38	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	40	nsubj	_	_
39	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	40	aux	_	_
40	told	tell	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	29	advcl	_	_
41	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	40	iobj	_	_
42	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: wh-question
- act: ask
- voice: character
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed indirect=0

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the men |  |  |  | then | afraid, exceedingly *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the men *not said here* |  |  |  |  | unto man | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is a** | present |  | this |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **do** | present · perfect | thou |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent that=Eventuality |
| 5 | **know** | past | the men |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 6 | **flee** | past | man |  |  | the presence of the LORD |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from presence=Initial\_Location |
| 7 | **tell** *speech: assert* | past · perfect | man |  | lots *= lot* |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent they=Recipient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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וַיִּֽירְא֤וּ הָֽאֲנָשִׁים֙ יִרְאָ֣ה גְדוֹלָ֔ה וַיֹּאמְר֥וּ אֵלָ֖יו מַה־זֹּ֣את עָשִׂ֑יתָ כִּֽי־יָדְע֣וּ הָאֲנָשִׁ֗ים כִּֽי־מִלִּפְנֵ֤י יְהוָה֙ ה֣וּא בֹרֵ֔חַ כִּ֥י הִגִּ֖יד לָהֶֽם׃

[Jonah 1:10: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JON.1.10/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:JON:10` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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