---
title: Jonah 3:8 (JPS 1917) — but let them be covered with sackcloth, both man and beast, and let… · tree and pragmatics
description: but let them be covered with sackcloth, both man and beast, and let them cry mightily unto God; yea, let them turn every one from his evil way, and from the violence that is in their hands. Who acts: you, man, violence. Jonah 3:8 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every claus
---

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# Jonah 3:8 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
but let them be covered with sackcloth, both man and beast, and let them cry mightily unto God; yea, let them turn every one from his evil way, and from the violence that is in their hands.

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**Who acts:** you, man, violence · **What happens:** let, cover, cry, turn, be · **To what, where:** man, one, evil way, hands

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This is Jonah 3:8 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (you, man, violence), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:JON:37
# text = but let them be covered with sackcloth, both man and beast, and let them cry mightily unto God; yea, let them turn every one from his evil way, and from the violence that is in their hands.
1	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	2	cc	_	_
2	let	let	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	xcomp	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	sackcloth	sackcloth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	both	both	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc:preconj	_	_
10	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	beast	beast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	let	let	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
16	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	obj	_	_
17	cry	cry	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	15	xcomp	_	_
18	mightily	mightily	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
19	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	God	God	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
21	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	24	punct	_	_
22	yea	yea	INTJ	UH	_	24	discourse	_	_
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
24	let	let	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
25	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	24	obj	_	_
26	turn	turn	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	24	xcomp	_	_
27	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	28	det	_	_
28	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obj	_	_
29	from	from	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
30	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	32	nmod:poss	_	_
31	evil	evil	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	32	amod	_	_
32	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obl	_	_
33	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
34	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	37	cc	_	_
35	from	from	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
36	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	37	det	_	_
37	violence	violence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	conj	_	_
38	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	42	nsubj	_	_
39	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	42	cop	_	_
40	in	in	ADP	IN	_	42	case	_	_
41	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	42	nmod:poss	_	_
42	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	37	acl:relcl	_	_
43	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: command
- act: request
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed polarity=none, act=request

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **let** | imperative | you *not said here* | man |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **cover** | infinitive · passive | man *not said here* | man and beast |  |  |  | with sackcloth | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: with sackcloth=Theme |
| 3 | **let** | infinitive | you *not said here* | man |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **cry** *speech: express* | infinitive | man *not said here* |  |  |  |  | unto God; mightily *property* | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **let** | infinitive |  | man |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **turn** | infinitive | man *not said here* | every one |  | Nineveh's evil way and the violence |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent one=Theme from way=Trajectory |
| 7 | **is** | present | the violence |  |  | man's hands |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וְיִתְכַּסּ֣וּ שַׂקִּ֗ים הָֽאָדָם֙ וְהַבְּהֵמָ֔ה וְיִקְרְא֥וּ אֶל־אֱלֹהִ֖ים בְּחָזְקָ֑ה וְיָשֻׁ֗בוּ אִ֚ישׁ מִדַּרְכּ֣וֹ הָֽרָעָ֔ה וּמִן־הֶחָמָ֖ס אֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּכַפֵּיהֶֽם׃

[Jonah 3:8: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JON.3.8/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:JON:37` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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