---
title: Jonah 1:7 (JPS 1917) — And they said every one to his fellow: 'Come, and let us cast lots,… · tree and pragmatics
description: And they said every one to his fellow: 'Come, and let us cast lots, that we may know for whose cause this evil is upon us.' So they cast lots, and the lot fell upon Jonah. Who acts: parts, us, we, evil. Jonah 1:7 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Jonah 1:7 · JPS 1917

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And they said every one to his fellow: 'Come, and let us cast lots, that we may know for whose cause this evil is upon us.' So they cast lots, and the lot fell upon Jonah.

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**Who acts:** parts, us, we, evil, lot · **What happens:** say, come, let, cast, know, be · **To what, where:** us, lots, cause, Jonah · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is Jonah 1:7 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (parts, us, we, evil), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:JON:7
# text = And they said every one to his fellow: 'Come, and let us cast lots, that we may know for whose cause this evil is upon us.' So they cast lots, and the lot fell upon Jonah.
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	5	det	_	_
5	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	fellow	fellow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
9	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
10	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	_
11	Come	come	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	ccomp	_	_
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	let	let	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	conj	_	_
15	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	14	obj	_	_
16	cast	cast	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	xcomp	_	_
17	lots	lot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obj	_	_
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
19	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	22	mark	_	_
20	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	22	nsubj	_	_
21	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	22	aux	_	_
22	know	know	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	advcl	_	_
23	for	for	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	whose	whose	PRON	WP$	Poss=Yes|PronType=Rel	25	nmod:poss	_	_
25	cause	cause	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	_
26	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	27	det	_	_
27	evil	evil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	nsubj	_	_
28	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	30	cop	_	_
29	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
30	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	25	acl:relcl	_	_
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
32	'	'	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
33	So	so	ADV	RB	_	35	advmod	_	_
34	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	35	nsubj	_	_
35	cast	cast	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
36	lots	lot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	35	obj	_	_
37	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	41	punct	_	_
38	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	41	cc	_	_
39	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	40	det	_	_
40	lot	lot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	41	nsubj	_	_
41	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	35	conj	_	_
42	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	43	case	_	_
43	Jonah	Jonah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	41	obl	_	_
44	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: command
- act: request
- voice: character
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | parts *= part* |  |  |  |  | to Jonah's fellow | vn indicate-78-1 «NP V PP.recipient that S»: agent=Pivot to fellow=Experiencer clause=Topic |
| 2 | **come** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **let** | infinitive |  | us |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **cast** | infinitive | us *not said here* | lots |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lot=Product |
| 5 | **know** | may | we |  |  |  |  | for cause | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 6 | **is** | present | this evil | cause *not said here* |  |  |  | upon us | tree rules |
| 7 | **cast** | past | parts *= part* | lots |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lot=Product |
| 8 | **fall** | past | the lot |  |  | Jonah |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme upon jonah=Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וַיֹּאמְר֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵ֗הוּ לְכוּ֙ וְנַפִּ֣ילָה גֽוֹרָל֔וֹת וְנֵ֣דְעָ֔ה בְּשֶׁלְּמִ֛י הָרָעָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את לָ֑נוּ וַיַּפִּ֙לוּ֙ גּֽוֹרָל֔וֹת וַיִּפֹּ֥ל הַגּוֹרָ֖ל עַל־יוֹנָֽה׃

[Jonah 1:7: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JON.1.7/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:JON:7` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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