---
title: Joshua 1:12 (JPS 1917) — And to the Reubenites, and to the Gadites, and to the half-tribe of… · tree and pragmatics
description: And to the Reubenites, and to the Gadites, and to the half-tribe of Manasseh, spoke Joshua, saying: Who acts: Joshua. Joshua 1:12 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Joshua 1:12 · JPS 1917

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And to the Reubenites, and to the Gadites, and to the half-tribe of Manasseh, spoke Joshua, saying:

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**Who acts:** Joshua · **What happens:** speak, say · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is Joshua 1:12 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Joshua), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:JOS:12
# text = And to the Reubenites, and to the Gadites, and to the half-tribe of Manasseh, spoke Joshua, saying:
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
2	to	to	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	Reubenites	Reubenite	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	20	obl	_	_
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	Gadites	Gadite	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
12	to	to	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
14	half	half	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing|NumForm=Word|NumType=Frac	16	compound	_	_
15	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	14	punct	_	_
16	tribe	tribe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	Manasseh	Manasseh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	_
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
20	spoke	speak	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
21	Joshua	Joshua	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	nsubj	_	_
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
23	saying	say	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	20	advcl	_	_
24	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	20	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: narrate
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | past | Joshua |  |  |  |  | to the Reubenites and the Gadites and the half tribe of Manasseh | vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent to reubenite=Co-Agent |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund | Joshua *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וְלָרֽאוּבֵנִי֙ וְלַגָּדִ֔י וְלַחֲצִ֖י שֵׁ֣בֶט הַֽמְנַשֶּׁ֑ה אָמַ֥ר יְהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ לֵאמֹֽר׃

[Joshua 1:12: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.1.12/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:JOS:12` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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