--- title: Joshua 8:14 (JPS 1917) — And it came to pass, when the king of Ai saw it, that the men of the… · tree and pragmatics description: And it came to pass, when the king of Ai saw it, that the men of the city hastened and rose up early and went out against Israel to battle, he and all his people, at the time appointed, in front of the Arabah; but he knew not that there was an ambush against him behind the city. Who acts: rear, king --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.169/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [Tanakh](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tanakh/) / [Nevi'im](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/) / [Joshua](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/) / [chapter 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS/8/) / [8:14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.8.14/) / JPS 1 # Joshua 8:14 · JPS 1917 And it came to pass, when the king of Ai saw it, that the men of the city hastened and rose up early and went out against Israel to battle, he and all his people, at the time appointed, in front of the Arabah; but he knew not that there was an ambush against him behind the city. **Who acts:** rear, king, men, Joshua, ambush · **What happens:** come, pass, see, hasten, rise up, go out · **To what, where:** rear, front, city · **Speech:** someone speaks here This is Joshua 8:14 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (rear, king, men, Joshua), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = jps:JOS:169 # text = And it came to pass, when the king of Ai saw it, that the men of the city hastened and rose up early and went out against Israel to battle, he and all his people, at the time appointed, in front of the Arabah; but he knew not that there was an ambush against him behind the city. 1 And and CCONJ CC _ 3 cc _ _ 2 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 3 nsubj _ _ 3 came come VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 to to PART TO _ 5 mark _ _ 5 pass pass VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 3 xcomp _ _ 6 , , PUNCT , _ 12 punct _ _ 7 when when SCONJ WRB _ 12 mark _ _ 8 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 9 det _ _ 9 king king NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 nsubj _ _ 10 of of ADP IN _ 11 case _ _ 11 Ai Ai PROPN NNP Number=Sing 9 nmod _ _ 12 saw see VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 advcl _ _ 13 it it PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 12 obj _ _ 14 , , PUNCT , _ 21 punct _ _ 15 that that SCONJ IN _ 21 mark _ _ 16 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 17 det _ _ 17 men man NOUN NNS Number=Plur 21 nsubj _ _ 18 of of ADP IN _ 20 case _ _ 19 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 20 det _ _ 20 city city NOUN NN Number=Sing 17 nmod _ _ 21 hastened hasten VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 ccomp _ _ 22 and and CCONJ CC _ 23 cc _ _ 23 rose rise VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 21 conj _ _ 24 up up ADP RP _ 23 compound:prt _ _ 25 early early ADV RB Degree=Pos 23 advmod _ _ 26 and and CCONJ CC _ 27 cc _ _ 27 went go VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 21 conj _ _ 28 out out ADV RB _ 27 advmod _ _ 29 against against ADP IN _ 30 case _ _ 30 Israel Israel PROPN NNP Number=Sing 27 obl _ _ 31 to to PART TO _ 32 mark _ _ 32 battle battle VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 27 advcl _ _ 33 , , PUNCT , _ 34 punct _ _ 34 he he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 27 nsubj _ _ 35 and and CCONJ CC _ 38 cc _ _ 36 all all DET PDT PronType=Tot 38 det:predet _ _ 37 his his PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 38 nmod:poss _ _ 38 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 34 conj _ _ 39 , , PUNCT , _ 42 punct _ _ 40 at at ADP IN _ 42 case _ _ 41 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 42 det _ _ 42 time time NOUN NN Number=Sing 43 obl _ _ 43 appointed appoint VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 27 advcl _ _ 44 , , PUNCT , _ 46 punct _ _ 45 in in ADP IN _ 46 case _ _ 46 front front NOUN NN Number=Sing 43 obl _ _ 47 of of ADP IN _ 49 case _ _ 48 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 49 det _ _ 49 Arabah Arabah PROPN NNP Number=Sing 46 nmod _ _ 50 ; ; PUNCT : _ 53 punct _ _ 51 but but CCONJ CC _ 53 cc _ _ 52 he he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 53 nsubj _ _ 53 knew know VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ _ 54 not not PART RB Polarity=Neg 53 advmod _ _ 55 that that SCONJ IN _ 57 mark _ _ 56 there there PRON EX PronType=Dem 57 expl _ _ 57 was be VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 53 ccomp _ _ 58 an a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 59 det _ _ 59 ambush ambush NOUN NN Number=Sing 57 nsubj _ _ 60 against against ADP IN _ 61 case _ _ 61 him he PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 59 nmod _ _ 62 behind behind ADP IN _ 64 case _ _ 63 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 64 det _ _ 64 city city NOUN NN Number=Sing 57 obl _ _ 65 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **come** | past | rear | | | | | | tree rules | | 2 | **pass** | to-infinitive | rear *not said here* | | | | | | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 3 | **see** | past | the king of Ai | rear | | | | | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus | | 4 | **hasten** | past | the men of the city | | | | | | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | | 5 | **rise up** | past | the men of the city *not said here* | | | | | early *property* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 6 | **go out** | past | Joshua | | | | | against Israel; out *property* | vn interact-36.6 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 7 | **battle** | to-infinitive | Joshua *not said here* | | | | | | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 8 | **appoint** | participle | Joshua *not said here* | | | front of the Arabah | time | | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | | 9 | **not** **know** | past | Joshua | | | | | | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus | | 10 | **be** | past | a ambush against Joshua | | | the city; there | | | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme behind city=Location | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. ## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew} וַיְהִ֞י כִּרְא֣וֹת מֶֽלֶךְ־הָעַ֗י וַֽיְמַהֲר֡וּ וַיַּשְׁכִּ֡ימוּ וַיֵּצְא֣וּ אַנְשֵֽׁי־הָעִ֣יר לִקְרַֽאת־יִ֠שְׂרָאֵל לַֽמִּלְחָמָ֞ה ה֧וּא וְכָל־עַמּ֛וֹ לַמּוֹעֵ֖ד לִפְנֵ֣י הָֽעֲרָבָ֑ה וְהוּא֙ לֹ֣א יָדַ֔ע כִּֽי־אֹרֵ֥ב ל֖וֹ מֵאַחֲרֵ֥י הָעִֽיר׃ [Joshua 8:14: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.8.14/) **Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:JOS:169` of Mova's parse database. **The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter. - ← previous: [Joshua 8:13 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.168/) - next →: [Joshua 8:15 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.170/) - ↑ back to [Joshua 8:14](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.8.14/)