---
title: Joshua 8:28 (JPS 1917) — So Joshua burnt Ai, and made it a heap for ever, even a desolation,… · tree and pragmatics
description: So Joshua burnt Ai, and made it a heap for ever, even a desolation, unto this day. Who acts: Joshua. Joshua 8:28 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Joshua 8:28 · JPS 1917

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So Joshua burnt Ai, and made it a heap for ever, even a desolation, unto this day.

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**Who acts:** Joshua · **What happens:** burnt, make · **To what, where:** Ai, hand

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This is Joshua 8:28 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Joshua), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:JOS:183
# text = So Joshua burnt Ai, and made it a heap for ever, even a desolation, unto this day.
1	So	so	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	Joshua	Joshua	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	burnt	burnt	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	Ai	Ai	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	heap	heap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	xcomp	_	_
11	for	for	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	ever	ever	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	even	even	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	desolation	desolation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	appos	_	_
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
18	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	20	det	_	_
20	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **burnt** | past | Joshua | Ai |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | past | Joshua *not said here* | hand |  |  | day | for ever | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent it=Material for ever=Beneficiary |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וַיִּשְׂרֹ֥ף יְהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ אֶת־הָעָ֑י וַיְשִׂימֶ֤הָ תֵּל־עוֹלָם֙ שְׁמָמָ֔ה עַ֖ד הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה׃

[Joshua 8:28: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.8.28/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:JOS:183` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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