---
title: Joshua 9:19 (JPS 1917) — But all the princes said unto all the congregation: 'We have sworn u… · tree and pragmatics
description: But all the princes said unto all the congregation: 'We have sworn unto them by the LORD, the God of Israel; now therefore we may not touch them. Who acts: princes, We. Joshua 9:19 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Joshua 9:19 · JPS 1917

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
But all the princes said unto all the congregation: 'We have sworn unto them by the LORD, the God of Israel; now therefore we may not touch them.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** princes, We · **What happens:** say, swear, not touch · **To what, where:** princes · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is Joshua 9:19 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (princes, We), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:JOS:212
# text = But all the princes said unto all the congregation: 'We have sworn unto them by the LORD, the God of Israel; now therefore we may not touch them.
1	But	but	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
2	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	4	det:predet	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	princes	prince	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
5	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	9	det:predet	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	congregation	congregation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
11	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	_
12	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
13	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
14	sworn	swear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	ccomp	_	_
15	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	obl	_	_
17	by	by	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	LORD	LORD	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	God	God	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	appos	_	_
23	of	of	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	Israel	Israel	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	22	nmod	_	_
25	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	31	punct	_	_
26	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	31	advmod	_	_
27	therefore	therefore	ADV	RB	_	31	advmod	_	_
28	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	31	nsubj	_	_
29	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	31	aux	_	_
30	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	31	advmod	_	_
31	touch	touch	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	parataxis	_	_
32	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	31	obj	_	_
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: character
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed polarity=none

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | all princes |  |  |  |  | unto all congregation | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **swear** | present · perfect | We |  |  |  |  | unto princes *= prince*; by the LORD | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **not** **touch** | may | we | princes *= prince* |  |  | now | therefore *property* | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme they=Co-Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

<!-- .vhe dir=rtl lang=hbo -->
וַיֹּאמְר֤וּ כָל־הַנְּשִׂיאִים֙ אֶל־כָּל־הָ֣עֵדָ֔ה אֲנַ֙חְנוּ֙ נִשְׁבַּ֣עְנוּ לָהֶ֔ם בַּֽיהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וְעַתָּ֕ה לֹ֥א נוּכַ֖ל לִנְגֹּ֥עַ בָּהֶֽם׃

[Joshua 9:19: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.9.19/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:JOS:212` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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