---
title: Joshua 10:18 (JPS 1917) — And Joshua said: 'Roll great stones unto the mouth of the cave, and… · tree and pragmatics
description: And Joshua said: 'Roll great stones unto the mouth of the cave, and set men by it to keep them; Who acts: Joshua. Joshua 10:18 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.240/)

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# Joshua 10:18 · JPS 1917

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And Joshua said: 'Roll great stones unto the mouth of the cave, and set men by it to keep them;

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**Who acts:** Joshua · **What happens:** say, roll, set, keep · **To what, where:** great stones, men, stones · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is Joshua 10:18 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Joshua), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:JOS:240
# text = And Joshua said: 'Roll great stones unto the mouth of the cave, and set men by it to keep them;
1	And	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
2	Joshua	Joshua	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	6	punct	_	_
5	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	_
6	Roll	roll	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
7	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
9	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	mouth	mouth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	cave	cave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	set	set	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
18	men	man	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obj	_	_
19	by	by	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	nmod	_	_
21	to	to	PART	TO	_	22	mark	_	_
22	keep	keep	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	17	advcl	_	_
23	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	22	obj	_	_
24	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: command
- act: request
- voice: character
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Joshua |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **roll** | infinitive |  | great stones |  |  |  | unto the mouth of the cave | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent stone=Agent |
| 3 | **set** | infinitive |  | men |  |  |  | by cave | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent man=Theme by it=Destination |
| 4 | **keep** | to-infinitive |  | stones *= stone* |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוֹשֻׁ֔עַ גֹּ֛לּוּ אֲבָנִ֥ים גְּדֹל֖וֹת אֶל־פִּ֣י הַמְּעָרָ֑ה וְהַפְקִ֧ידוּ עָלֶ֛יהָ אֲנָשִׁ֖ים לְשָׁמְרָֽם׃

[Joshua 10:18: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.10.18/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:JOS:240` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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