---
title: Joshua 10:33 (JPS 1917) — Then Horam king of Gezer came up to help Lachish; and Joshua smote h… · tree and pragmatics
description: Then Horam king of Gezer came up to help Lachish; and Joshua smote him and his people, until he had left him none remaining. Who acts: Horam king, Joshua. Joshua 10:33 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Joshua 10:33 · JPS 1917

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Then Horam king of Gezer came up to help Lachish; and Joshua smote him and his people, until he had left him none remaining.

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**Who acts:** Horam king, Joshua · **What happens:** come up, help, smite, leave, remain · **To what, where:** Lachish, none

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This is Joshua 10:33 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Horam king, Joshua), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:JOS:255
# text = Then Horam king of Gezer came up to help Lachish; and Joshua smote him and his people, until he had left him none remaining.
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	6	advmod	_	_
2	Horam	Horam	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
3	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Gezer	Gezer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	up	up	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	help	help	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
10	Lachish	Lachish	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
11	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	Joshua	Joshua	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
14	smote	smite	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
15	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	obj	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
17	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	18	nmod:poss	_	_
18	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	conj	_	_
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
20	until	until	SCONJ	IN	_	23	mark	_	_
21	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	nsubj	_	_
22	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	aux	_	_
23	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	14	advcl	_	_
24	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	iobj	_	_
25	none	none	PRON	NN	PronType=Neg	23	obj	_	_
26	remaining	remain	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	25	acl	_	_
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: statement
- act: narrate
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come up** | past | Horam king of Gezer |  |  |  | then |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **help** | to-infinitive | Horam king of Gezer *not said here* |  | Lachish |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lachish=Beneficiary |
| 3 | **smite** | past | Joshua | Lachish |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus he=Experiencer |
| 4 | **leave** | past · perfect | Joshua | none | Lachish |  |  |  | vn sustain-55.6-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent he=Theme none=Attribute |
| 5 | **remain** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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אָ֣ז עָלָ֗ה הֹרָם֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ גֶּ֔זֶר לַעְזֹ֖ר אֶת־לָכִ֑ישׁ וַיַּכֵּ֤הוּ יְהוֹשֻׁ֙עַ֙ וְאֶת־עַמּ֔וֹ עַד־בִּלְתִּ֥י הִשְׁאִֽיר־ל֖וֹ שָׂרִֽיד׃

[Joshua 10:33: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.10.33/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:JOS:255` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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