---
title: Joshua 12:1 (JPS 1917) — Now these are the kings of the land, whom the children of Israel smo… · tree and pragmatics
description: Now these are the kings of the land, whom the children of Israel smote, and possessed their land beyond the Jordan toward the sunrising, from the valley of Arnon unto mount Hermon, and all the Arabah eastward: Who acts: these, children. Joshua 12:1 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragma
---

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# Joshua 12:1 · JPS 1917

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Now these are the kings of the land, whom the children of Israel smote, and possessed their land beyond the Jordan toward the sunrising, from the valley of Arnon unto mount Hermon, and all the Arabah eastward:

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**Who acts:** these, children · **What happens:** be, smote, possess · **To what, where:** kings, land, valley

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This is Joshua 12:1 · JPS 1917 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (these, children), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:JOS:290
# text = Now these are the kings of the land, whom the children of Israel smote, and possessed their land beyond the Jordan toward the sunrising, from the valley of Arnon unto mount Hermon, and all the Arabah eastward:
1	Now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	5	advmod	_	_
2	these	this	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	kings	king	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
10	whom	whom	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	15	obj	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nsubj	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	Israel	Israel	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	_
15	smote	smote	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	possessed	possess	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	conj	_	_
19	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	20	nmod:poss	_	_
20	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	_
21	beyond	beyond	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	Jordan	Jordan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
24	toward	toward	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	sunrising	sunrising	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
28	from	from	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
31	of	of	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
32	Arnon	Arnon	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	30	nmod	_	_
33	unto	unto	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
34	mount	mount	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	35	compound	_	_
35	Hermon	Hermon	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
36	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	41	punct	_	_
37	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	41	cc	_	_
38	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	40	det:predet	_	_
39	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	40	det	_	_
40	Arabah	Arabah	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	41	compound	_	_
41	eastward	eastward	ADV	RB	_	30	conj	_	_
42	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- sa -->
- form: statement
- act: assert
- voice: narrator
- polarity: none
- teacher: kept the draft

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | these | the kings |  |  | now | of the land | tree rules |
| 2 | **smote** | past | the children of Israel | the kings |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **possess** | past | the children of Israel *not said here* | children's land |  | the valley of Arnon |  | beyond the Jordan; toward the sunrising; unto mount Hermon | vn own-100.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot land=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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וְאֵ֣לֶּה ׀ מַלְכֵ֣י הָאָ֗רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֨ר הִכּ֤וּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ וַיִּֽרְשׁ֣וּ אֶת־אַרְצָ֔ם בְּעֵ֥בֶר הַיַּרְדֵּ֖ן מִזְרְחָ֣ה הַשָּׁ֑מֶשׁ מִנַּ֤חַל אַרְנוֹן֙ עַד־הַ֣ר חֶרְמ֔וֹן וְכָל־הָעֲרָבָ֖ה מִזְרָֽחָה׃

[Joshua 12:1: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.12.1/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:JOS:290` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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