--- title: Joshua 3:16 (JPS 1917) — that the waters which came down from above stood, and rose up in one… · tree and pragmatics description: that the waters which came down from above stood, and rose up in one heap, a great way off from Adam, the city that is beside Zarethan; and those that went down toward the sea of the Arabah, even the Salt Sea, were wholly cut off; and the people passed over right against Jericho. 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The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (waters, city, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = jps:JOS:58 # text = that the waters which came down from above stood, and rose up in one heap, a great way off from Adam, the city that is beside Zarethan; and those that went down toward the sea of the Arabah, even the Salt Sea, were wholly cut off; and the people passed over right against Jericho. 1 that that SCONJ IN _ 9 mark _ _ 2 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 3 det _ _ 3 waters water NOUN NNS Number=Plur 9 nsubj _ _ 4 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 5 nsubj _ _ 5 came come VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 acl:relcl _ _ 6 down down ADV RB _ 5 advmod _ _ 7 from from ADP IN _ 8 case _ _ 8 above above ADV RB _ 5 obl _ _ 9 stood stand VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 10 , , PUNCT , _ 12 punct _ _ 11 and and CCONJ CC _ 12 cc _ _ 12 rose rise VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 9 conj _ _ 13 up up ADP RP _ 12 compound:prt _ _ 14 in in ADP IN _ 16 case _ _ 15 one one NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 16 nummod _ _ 16 heap heap NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 obl _ _ 17 , , PUNCT , _ 20 punct _ _ 18 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 20 det _ _ 19 great great ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 20 amod _ _ 20 way way NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 obl:unmarked _ _ 21 off off ADV RB _ 12 advmod _ _ 22 from from ADP IN _ 23 case _ _ 23 Adam Adam PROPN NNP Number=Sing 20 nmod _ _ 24 , , PUNCT , _ 26 punct _ _ 25 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 26 det _ _ 26 city city NOUN NN Number=Sing 23 appos _ _ 27 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 30 nsubj _ _ 28 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 30 cop _ _ 29 beside beside ADP IN _ 30 case _ _ 30 Zarethan Zarethan PROPN NNP Number=Sing 26 acl:relcl _ _ 31 ; ; PUNCT : _ 51 punct _ _ 32 and and CCONJ CC _ 51 cc _ _ 33 those those PRON DT Number=Plur|PronType=Dem 51 nsubj:pass _ _ 34 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 35 nsubj _ _ 35 went go VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 33 acl:relcl _ _ 36 down down ADV RB _ 35 advmod _ _ 37 toward toward ADP IN _ 39 case _ _ 38 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 39 det _ _ 39 sea sea NOUN NN Number=Sing 35 obl _ _ 40 of of ADP IN _ 42 case _ _ 41 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 42 det _ _ 42 Arabah Arabah PROPN NNP Number=Sing 39 nmod _ _ 43 , , PUNCT , _ 47 punct _ _ 44 even even ADV RB _ 47 advmod _ _ 45 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 47 det _ _ 46 Salt Salt PROPN NNP Number=Sing 47 compound _ _ 47 Sea Sea PROPN NNP Number=Sing 39 appos _ _ 48 , , PUNCT , _ 33 punct _ _ 49 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 51 aux:pass _ _ 50 wholly wholly ADV RB _ 51 advmod _ _ 51 cut cut VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 9 conj _ _ 52 off off ADP RP _ 51 compound:prt _ _ 53 ; ; PUNCT : _ 57 punct _ _ 54 and and CCONJ CC _ 57 cc _ _ 55 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 56 det _ _ 56 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 57 nsubj _ _ 57 passed pass VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 9 conj _ _ 58 over over ADV RB _ 57 advmod _ _ 59 right right ADV RB _ 61 advmod _ _ 60 against against ADP IN _ 61 case _ _ 61 Jericho Jericho PROPN NNP Number=Sing 57 obl _ _ 62 . . PUNCT . _ 9 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **come down** | past | the waters | | | | | down *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from above=Initial\_Location | | 2 | **stand** | past | the waters | | | | | | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent | | 3 | **rise up** | past | the waters *not said here* | a great way from Adam | | one heap | | off *property* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in heap=Location | | 4 | **is** | present | the city | | | Zarethan | | | tree rules | | 5 | **go down** | past | | | | | | toward the sea of the Arabah; down *property* | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute | | 6 | **cut off** | past · passive | | those | | | | wholly *property* | vn stop-55.4-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: subject=Eventuality | | 7 | **pass over** | past | the people | | | Jericho | | over *property* | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme against jericho=Location | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. ## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew} וַיַּעַמְד֡וּ הַמַּיִם֩ הַיֹּרְדִ֨ים מִלְמַ֜עְלָה קָ֣מוּ נֵד־אֶחָ֗ד הַרְחֵ֨ק מְאֹ֜ד מֵֽאָדָ֤ם הָעִיר֙ אֲשֶׁר֙ מִצַּ֣ד צָֽרְתָ֔ן וְהַיֹּרְדִ֗ים עַ֣ל יָ֧ם הָעֲרָבָ֛ה יָם־הַמֶּ֖לַח תַּ֣מּוּ נִכְרָ֑תוּ וְהָעָ֥ם עָבְר֖וּ נֶ֥גֶד יְרִיחֽוֹ׃ [Joshua 3:16: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.3.16/) **Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:JOS:58` of Mova's parse database. **The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter. - ← previous: [Joshua 3:15 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.57/) - next →: [Joshua 3:17 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.59/) - ↑ back to [Joshua 3:16](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.3.16/)