--- title: Joshua 24:27 (JPS 1917) — And Joshua said unto all the people: 'Behold, this stone shall be a… · tree and pragmatics description: And Joshua said unto all the people: 'Behold, this stone shall be a witness against us; for it hath heard all the words of the LORD which He spoke unto us; it shall be therefore a witness against you, lest ye deny your God.' Who acts: Joshua, stone, ye. 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The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Joshua, stone, ye), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = jps:JOS:674 # text = And Joshua said unto all the people: 'Behold, this stone shall be a witness against us; for it hath heard all the words of the LORD which He spoke unto us; it shall be therefore a witness against you, lest ye deny your God.' 1 And and CCONJ CC _ 3 cc _ _ 2 Joshua Joshua PROPN NNP Number=Sing 3 nsubj _ _ 3 said say VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 unto unto ADP IN _ 7 case _ _ 5 all all DET PDT PronType=Tot 7 det:predet _ _ 6 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 7 det _ _ 7 people people NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 obl _ _ 8 : : PUNCT : _ 17 punct _ _ 9 ' ' PUNCT `` _ 17 punct _ _ 10 Behold behold INTJ UH _ 17 discourse _ _ 11 , , PUNCT , _ 10 punct _ _ 12 this this DET DT Number=Sing|PronType=Dem 13 det _ _ 13 stone stone NOUN NN Number=Sing 17 nsubj _ _ 14 shall shall AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 17 aux _ _ 15 be be AUX VB VerbForm=Inf 17 cop _ _ 16 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 17 det _ _ 17 witness witness NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 ccomp _ _ 18 against against ADP IN _ 19 case _ _ 19 us we PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 17 nmod _ _ 20 ; ; PUNCT : _ 24 punct _ _ 21 for for SCONJ IN _ 24 mark _ _ 22 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 24 nsubj _ _ 23 hath have AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 24 aux _ _ 24 heard hear VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 17 advcl _ _ 25 all all DET PDT PronType=Tot 27 det:predet _ _ 26 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 27 det _ _ 27 words word NOUN NNS Number=Plur 24 obj _ _ 28 of of ADP IN _ 30 case _ _ 29 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 30 det _ _ 30 LORD LORD PROPN NNP Number=Sing 27 nmod _ _ 31 which which PRON WDT PronType=Rel 33 obj _ _ 32 He he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 33 nsubj _ _ 33 spoke speak VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 27 acl:relcl _ _ 34 unto unto ADP IN _ 35 case _ _ 35 us we PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 33 obl _ _ 36 ; ; PUNCT : _ 42 punct _ _ 37 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 42 nsubj _ _ 38 shall shall AUX MD VerbForm=Fin 42 aux _ _ 39 be be AUX VB VerbForm=Inf 42 cop _ _ 40 therefore therefore ADV RB _ 42 advmod _ _ 41 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 42 det _ _ 42 witness witness NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 parataxis _ _ 43 against against ADP IN _ 44 case _ _ 44 you you PRON PRP Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs 42 nmod _ _ 45 , , PUNCT , _ 48 punct _ _ 46 lest lest SCONJ IN _ 48 mark _ _ 47 ye ye PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch 48 nsubj _ _ 48 deny deny VERB VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 42 advcl _ _ 49 your your PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 50 nmod:poss _ _ 50 God God PROPN NNP Number=Sing 48 obj _ _ 51 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ 52 ' ' PUNCT '' _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: character - polarity: pos - teacher: changed act=assert | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Joshua | | | | | unto all people | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent | | 2 | **is a** | shall | this stone | a witness | | | | against us | tree rules | | 3 | **hear** | present · perfect | stone | all words of the LORD | | | | | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer word=Stimulus | | 4 | **speak** *speech: other* | past | Joshua | all words of the LORD | | | | unto us | tree rules | | 5 | **is a** | shall | stone | a witness | | | | against you; therefore *property* | tree rules | | 6 | **deny** | present | ye | your God | | | | | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Agent god=Eventuality | | 7 | **word** | | | the LORD | | | | | nom word «communication transitive»: of=patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. ## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew} וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוֹשֻׁ֜עַ אֶל־כָּל־הָעָ֗ם הִנֵּ֨ה הָאֶ֤בֶן הַזֹּאת֙ תִּֽהְיֶה־בָּ֣נוּ לְעֵדָ֔ה כִּֽי־הִ֣יא שָׁמְעָ֗ה אֵ֚ת כָּל־אִמְרֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר דִּבֶּ֖ר עִמָּ֑נוּ וְהָיְתָ֤ה בָכֶם֙ לְעֵדָ֔ה פֶּֽן־תְּכַחֲשׁ֖וּן בֵּאלֹהֵיכֶֽם׃ [Joshua 24:27: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.24.27/) **Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:JOS:674` of Mova's parse database. **The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter. - ← previous: [Joshua 24:26 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.673/) - next →: [Joshua 24:28 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.675/) - ↑ back to [Joshua 24:27](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.24.27/)