--- title: Joshua 4:18 (JPS 1917) — And it came to pass, as the priests that bore the ark of the covenan… · tree and pragmatics description: And it came to pass, as the priests that bore the ark of the covenant of the LORD came up out of the midst of the Jordan, as soon as the soles of the priests' feet were drawn up unto the dry ground, that the waters of the Jordan returned unto their place, and went over all its banks, as aforetime. 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The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Jordan, priests, waters, LORD), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = jps:JOS:77 # text = And it came to pass, as the priests that bore the ark of the covenant of the LORD came up out of the midst of the Jordan, as soon as the soles of the priests' feet were drawn up unto the dry ground, that the waters of the Jordan returned unto their place, and went over all its banks, as aforetime. 1 And and CCONJ CC _ 3 cc _ _ 2 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 3 nsubj _ _ 3 came come VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 to to PART TO _ 5 mark _ _ 5 pass pass VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 3 csubj _ _ 6 , , PUNCT , _ 20 punct _ _ 7 as as SCONJ IN _ 20 mark _ _ 8 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 9 det _ _ 9 priests priest NOUN NNS Number=Plur 20 nsubj _ _ 10 that that PRON WDT PronType=Rel 11 nsubj _ _ 11 bore bear VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 9 acl:relcl _ _ 12 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 13 det _ _ 13 ark ark NOUN NN Number=Sing 11 obj _ _ 14 of of ADP IN _ 16 case _ _ 15 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 16 det _ _ 16 covenant covenant NOUN NN Number=Sing 13 nmod _ _ 17 of of ADP IN _ 19 case _ _ 18 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 19 det _ _ 19 LORD LORD PROPN NNP Number=Sing 16 nmod _ _ 20 came come VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 54 advcl _ _ 21 up up ADV RB _ 20 advmod _ _ 22 out out ADP IN _ 25 case _ _ 23 of of ADP IN _ 25 case _ _ 24 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 25 det _ _ 25 midst midst NOUN NN Number=Sing 20 obl _ _ 26 of of ADP IN _ 28 case _ _ 27 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 28 det _ _ 28 Jordan Jordan PROPN NNP Number=Sing 25 nmod _ _ 29 , , PUNCT , _ 31 punct _ _ 30 as as ADV RB _ 31 advmod _ _ 31 soon soon ADV RB Degree=Pos 20 advmod _ _ 32 as as SCONJ IN _ 41 mark _ _ 33 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 34 det _ _ 34 soles sole NOUN NNS Number=Plur 41 nsubj:pass _ _ 35 of of ADP IN _ 39 case _ _ 36 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 37 det _ _ 37 priests priest NOUN NNS Number=Plur 39 nmod:poss _ _ 38 ' 's PART POS _ 37 case _ _ 39 feet foot NOUN NNS Number=Plur 34 nmod _ _ 40 were be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 41 aux:pass _ _ 41 drawn draw VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 20 advcl _ _ 42 up up ADP RP _ 41 compound:prt _ _ 43 unto unto ADP IN _ 46 case _ _ 44 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 46 det _ _ 45 dry dry ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 46 amod _ _ 46 ground ground NOUN NN Number=Sing 41 obl _ _ 47 , , PUNCT , _ 54 punct _ _ 48 that that SCONJ IN _ 54 mark _ _ 49 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 50 det _ _ 50 waters water NOUN NNS Number=Plur 54 nsubj _ _ 51 of of ADP IN _ 53 case _ _ 52 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 53 det _ _ 53 Jordan Jordan PROPN NNP Number=Sing 50 nmod _ _ 54 returned return VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 ccomp _ _ 55 unto unto ADP IN _ 57 case _ _ 56 their their PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 57 nmod:poss _ _ 57 place place NOUN NN Number=Sing 54 obl _ _ 58 , , PUNCT , _ 60 punct _ _ 59 and and CCONJ CC _ 60 cc _ _ 60 went go VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 54 conj _ _ 61 over over ADP IN _ 64 case _ _ 62 all all DET PDT PronType=Tot 64 det:predet _ _ 63 its its PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 64 nmod:poss _ _ 64 banks bank NOUN NNS Number=Plur 60 obl _ _ 65 , , PUNCT , _ 67 punct _ _ 66 as as ADP IN _ 67 case _ _ 67 aforetime aforetime ADV RB _ 60 advmod _ _ 68 . . PUNCT . _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: statement - act: assert - voice: narrator - polarity: none - teacher: kept the draft | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **come** | past | Jordan | | | | | | tree rules | | 2 | **pass** | to-infinitive | | | | | | | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 3 | **bear** | past | the priests | the ark of the covenant of the LORD | | | | | vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ark=Patient | | 4 | **come up** | past | the priests | | | the midst of the Jordan | | soon *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme out midst=Initial\_Location | | 5 | **draw up** | past · passive | | the soles of the priests's feet | | | | unto the dry ground | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | | 6 | **return** | past | the waters of the Jordan | | | | | unto priests's place | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 7 | **go** | past | the waters of the Jordan *not said here* | | | Jordan's banks | | aforetime *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme over bank=Initial\_Location | | 8 | **covenant** | | the LORD | | | | | | nom covenant «communication intransitive»: of=agent | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. ## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew} וַ֠יְהִי כַּעֲל֨וֹת הַכֹּהֲנִ֜ים נֹשְׂאֵ֨י אֲר֤וֹן בְּרִית־יְהוָה֙ מִתּ֣וֹךְ הַיַּרְדֵּ֔ן נִתְּק֗וּ כַּפּוֹת֙ רַגְלֵ֣י הַכֹּהֲנִ֔ים אֶ֖ל הֶחָרָבָ֑ה וַיָּשֻׁ֤בוּ מֵֽי־הַיַּרְדֵּן֙ לִמְקוֹמָ֔ם וַיֵּלְכ֥וּ כִתְמוֹל־שִׁלְשׁ֖וֹם עַל־כָּל־גְּדוֹתָֽיו׃ [Joshua 4:18: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.4.18/) **Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:JOS:77` of Mova's parse database. **The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter. - ← previous: [Joshua 4:17 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.76/) - next →: [Joshua 4:19 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.78/) - ↑ back to [Joshua 4:18](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.4.18/)