--- title: Joshua 5:13 (JPS 1917) — And it came to pass, when Joshua was by Jericho, that he lifted up h… · tree and pragmatics description: And it came to pass, when Joshua was by Jericho, that he lifted up his eyes and looked, and, behold, there stood a man over against him with his sword drawn in his hand; and Joshua went unto him, and said unto him: 'Art thou for us, or for our adversaries?' Who acts: manna, Joshua, man, thou. 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The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (manna, Joshua, man, thou), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = jps:JOS:96 # text = And it came to pass, when Joshua was by Jericho, that he lifted up his eyes and looked, and, behold, there stood a man over against him with his sword drawn in his hand; and Joshua went unto him, and said unto him: 'Art thou for us, or for our adversaries?' 1 And and CCONJ CC _ 3 cc _ _ 2 it it PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 3 nsubj _ _ 3 came come VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _ 4 to to PART TO _ 5 mark _ _ 5 pass pass VERB VB VerbForm=Inf 3 csubj _ _ 6 , , PUNCT , _ 11 punct _ _ 7 when when SCONJ WRB _ 11 mark _ _ 8 Joshua Joshua PROPN NNP Number=Sing 11 nsubj _ _ 9 was be AUX VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 11 cop _ _ 10 by by ADP IN _ 11 case _ _ 11 Jericho Jericho PROPN NNP Number=Sing 3 advcl _ _ 12 , , PUNCT , _ 15 punct _ _ 13 that that SCONJ IN _ 15 mark _ _ 14 he he PRON PRP Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 15 nsubj _ _ 15 lifted lift VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 ccomp _ _ 16 up up ADP RP _ 15 compound:prt _ _ 17 his his PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 18 nmod:poss _ _ 18 eyes eye NOUN NNS Number=Plur 15 obj _ _ 19 and and CCONJ CC _ 20 cc _ _ 20 looked look VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 15 conj _ _ 21 , , PUNCT , _ 27 punct _ _ 22 and and CCONJ CC _ 27 cc _ _ 23 , , PUNCT , _ 24 punct _ _ 24 behold behold INTJ UH _ 27 discourse _ _ 25 , , PUNCT , _ 24 punct _ _ 26 there there PRON EX PronType=Dem 27 expl _ _ 27 stood stand VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ _ 28 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 29 det _ _ 29 man man NOUN NN Number=Sing 27 nsubj _ _ 30 over over ADV RB _ 32 advmod _ _ 31 against against ADP IN _ 32 case _ _ 32 him he PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 27 obl _ _ 33 with with ADP IN _ 35 case _ _ 34 his his PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 35 nmod:poss _ _ 35 sword sword NOUN NN Number=Sing 27 obl _ _ 36 drawn draw VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass 35 acl _ _ 37 in in ADP IN _ 39 case _ _ 38 his his PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 39 nmod:poss _ _ 39 hand hand NOUN NN Number=Sing 36 obl _ _ 40 ; ; PUNCT : _ 43 punct _ _ 41 and and CCONJ CC _ 43 cc _ _ 42 Joshua Joshua PROPN NNP Number=Sing 43 nsubj _ _ 43 went go VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 3 conj _ _ 44 unto unto ADP IN _ 45 case _ _ 45 him he PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 43 obl _ _ 46 , , PUNCT , _ 48 punct _ _ 47 and and CCONJ CC _ 48 cc _ _ 48 said say VERB VBD Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin 43 conj _ _ 49 unto unto ADP IN _ 50 case _ _ 50 him he PRON PRP Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs 48 obl _ _ 51 : : PUNCT : _ 53 punct _ _ 52 ' ' PUNCT `` _ 53 punct _ _ 53 Art be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Style=Arch|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 56 cop _ _ 54 thou thou PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=2|PronType=Prs|Style=Arch 56 nsubj _ _ 55 for for ADP IN _ 56 case _ _ 56 us we PRON PRP Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 48 ccomp _ _ 57 , , PUNCT , _ 61 punct _ _ 58 or or CCONJ CC _ 61 cc _ _ 59 for for ADP IN _ 61 case _ _ 60 our our PRON PRP$ Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs 61 nmod:poss _ _ 61 adversaries adversary NOUN NNS Number=Plur 56 conj _ _ 62 ? ? PUNCT . _ 56 punct _ _ 63 ' ' PUNCT '' _ 3 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} - form: yes/no question - act: ask - voice: character - polarity: none - teacher: changed form=q, indirect=0 | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **come** | past | manna | | | | | | tree rules | | 2 | **pass** | to-infinitive | | | | | | | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 3 | **is** | past | Joshua | | | | | by Jericho | tree rules | | 4 | **lift up** | past | Joshua | Joshua's eyes | | | | | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent eye=Theme | | 5 | **look** | past | Joshua *not said here* | | | | | | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus | | 6 | **stand** | past | a man | | | there | | against Joshua; with Joshua's sword | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent against he=Location | | 7 | **draw** | participle | | Joshua's sword *not said here* | | Joshua's hand | | | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent in hand=Destination | | 8 | **go** | past | Joshua | | | | | unto Jericho | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | | 9 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Joshua *not said here* | | | | | unto Joshua | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent | | 10 | **is** | present | thou | | | | | for us | tree rules | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. ## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew} וַיְהִ֗י בִּֽהְי֣וֹת יְהוֹשֻׁעַ֮ בִּירִיחוֹ֒ וַיִּשָּׂ֤א עֵינָיו֙ וַיַּ֔רְא וְהִנֵּה־אִישׁ֙ עֹמֵ֣ד לְנֶגְדּ֔וֹ וְחַרְבּ֥וֹ שְׁלוּפָ֖ה בְּיָד֑וֹ וַיֵּ֨לֶךְ יְהוֹשֻׁ֤עַ אֵלָיו֙ וַיֹּ֣אמֶר ל֔וֹ הֲלָ֥נוּ אַתָּ֖ה אִם־לְצָרֵֽינוּ׃ [Joshua 5:13: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.5.13/) **Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:JOS:96` of Mova's parse database. **The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter. - ← previous: [Joshua 5:12 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.95/) - next →: [Joshua 5:14 (JPS)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/JOS.97/) - ↑ back to [Joshua 5:13](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/JOS.5.13/)