---
title: Malachi 2:10 (JPS 1917) — Have we not all one father? · tree and pragmatics
description: Have we not all one father? Malachi 2:10 in JPS 1917 with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Malachi 2:10 · JPS 1917, sentence 1 of 3

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Have we not all one father?

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This is Malachi 2:10 · JPS 1917, sentence 1 of 3 in the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, from Mova's open Bible corpus. The page gives the sentence's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, parsed by Mova and checked by a teacher model — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it. The original of the verse links back to its own tree and to the Targum.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = jps:MAL:29
# text = Have we not all one father?
1	Have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	1	nsubj	_	_
3	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	1	advmod	_	_
4	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	6	det	_	_
5	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	father	father	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
7	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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- form: yes/no question
- act: ask
- voice: character
- polarity: none
- teacher: changed voice=character

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The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## The Hebrew of this verse {#hebrew}

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הֲל֨וֹא אָ֤ב אֶחָד֙ לְכֻלָּ֔נוּ הֲל֛וֹא אֵ֥ל אֶֽחָ֖ד בְּרָאָ֑נוּ מַדּ֗וּעַ נִבְגַּד֙ אִ֣ישׁ בְּאָחִ֔יו לְחַלֵּ֖ל בְּרִ֥ית אֲבֹתֵֽינוּ׃

[Malachi 2:10: the Hebrew tree, its pragmatics and Targum Jonathan →](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/MAL.2.10/)

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This verse in JPS 1917:

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1. **Have we not all one father?**
2. [Hath not one God created us?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/MAL.30/)
3. [Why do we deal treacherously every man against his brother, profaning the covenant of our fathers?](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/neviim/jps/MAL.31/)

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**Source.** The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text, Jewish Publication Society, 1917, from eBible.org: public domain. Sentence `jps:MAL:29` of Mova's parse database.

**The tree and the speech act** come from Mova's cycle: the small model's draft, read by a large model as teacher, passed by Mova's gates (Elamur Cosmic License). **The frames** are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (`prag`) when this page is built, the chapter read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence of the chapter.

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